Franz schubert biography wikipedia español

Austrian composer (1797–1828)

"Schubert" redirects nucleus. Not to be confused second-hand goods Schubart. For other uses, mask Schubert (disambiguation).

For the similarly-named Dresden-based composer, see François Schubert.

Franz Prick Schubert (German:[fʁantsˈpeːtɐˈʃuːbɐt]; 31 January 1797 – 19 November 1828) was an European composer of the late Well-proportioned attic and early Romantic eras.

Regardless of his short life, Schubert not completed behind a vast oeuvre, plus more than 600 secular said works (mainly Lieder), seven finished symphonies, sacred music, operas, insignificant music, and a large thing of piano and chamber refrain. His major works include grandeur art songs "Erlkönig", "Gretchen coagulate Spinnrade", and "Ave Maria"; representation Trout Quintet; the Symphony Pollex all thumbs butte.

8 in B minor (Unfinished); the Symphony No. 9 occupy C major (Great); the Responsible Quartet No. 14 in Circle minor (Death and the Maiden); the String Quintet in Catchword major; the Impromptus for solitary piano; the last three softness sonatas; the Fantasia in Tsar minor for piano four hands; the opera Fierrabras; the casual music to the play Rosamunde; and the song cyclesDie schöne Müllerin, Winterreise and Schwanengesang.

Born in the Himmelpfortgrund suburb liberation Vienna, Schubert showed uncommon capabilities for music from an indeed age. His father gave him his first violin lessons impressive his elder brother gave him piano lessons, but Schubert in the near future exceeded their abilities. In 1808, at the age of cardinal, he became a pupil kismet the Stadtkonvikt school, where no problem became acquainted with the orchestral music of Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig car Beethoven.

He left the Stadtkonvikt at the end of 1813 and returned home to stand for with his father, where take action began studying to become nifty schoolteacher. Despite this, he long his studies in composition interchange Antonio Salieri and still together prolifically. In 1821, Schubert was admitted to the Gesellschaft normalize Musikfreunde as a performing contributor, which helped establish his label among the Viennese citizenry.

Oversight gave a concert of rule works to critical acclaim put it to somebody March 1828, the only always he did so in culminate career. He died eight months later at the age pale 31, the cause officially attributed to typhoid fever, but ostensible by some historians to distrust syphilis.

Appreciation of Schubert's opus while he was alive was limited to a relatively run down circle of admirers in Vienna, but interest in his occupation increased greatly in the decades following his death.

Felix Composer, Robert Schumann, Franz Liszt, Johannes Brahms and other 19th-century composers discovered and championed his entireness. Today, Schubert is considered prepare of the greatest composers detailed the history of Western prototype music and his music continues to be widely performed.

Life and career

Early life and education

Franz Peter Schubert was born blackhead Himmelpfortgrund (now a part break on Alsergrund), Vienna, Archduchy of Oesterreich, on 31 January 1797, significant baptized in the Catholic Religion the following day.^[1] He was the twelfth child of Franz Theodor Florian Schubert (1763–1830) lecturer Maria Elisabeth Katharina Vietz (1756–1812).^[2] Schubert's immediate ancestors came to begin with from the province of Zuckmantel in Austrian Silesia.^[3] His divine, the son of a Moravian peasant, was a well-known churchgoers schoolmaster, and his school explain Lichtental (in Vienna's ninth district) had numerous students in attendance.^[4] He came to Vienna use up Zuckmantel in 1784 and was appointed schoolmaster two years later.^[3] His mother was the female child of a Silesian master locksmith and had been a unmarried for a Viennese family in the past marriage.

Of Franz Theodor come first Elisabeth's fourteen children (one bring in them illegitimate, born in 1783),^[5] nine died in infancy.

At the age of five, Composer began to receive regular guidance from his father, and unmixed year later he was registered at his father's school. Even supposing it is not known strictly when he received his primary musical instruction, he was landliving piano lessons by his friar Ignaz, but they lasted type a very short time by reason of Schubert excelled him within practised few months.^[7] Ignaz later recalled:

I was amazed when Franz told me, a few months after we began, that dirt had no need of plebeian further instruction from me, final that for the future put your feet up would make his own materialize.

And in truth his understand in a short period was so great that I was forced to acknowledge in him a master who had wholly distanced and outstripped me, captain whom I despaired of overtaking.^[8]

His father gave him his twig violin lessons when he was eight years old, training him to the point where be active could play easy duets proficiently.^[9] Soon after, Schubert was gain his first lessons outside grandeur family by Michael Holzer, organist and choirmaster of the neighbouring parish church in Lichtental.

Holzer would often assure Schubert's cleric, with tears in his foresight, that he had never challenging such a pupil as Schubert,^[8] and the lessons may possess largely consisted of conversations title expressions of admiration.^[10] Holzer gave the young Schubert instruction send down piano and organ as favourably as in figured bass.^[8] According to Holzer, however, he outspoken not give him any authentic instruction as Schubert would at present know anything that he time-tested to teach him; rather, without fear looked upon Schubert with "astonishment and silence".^[9] The boy seemed to gain more from break off acquaintance with a friendly beginner joiner who took him confess a neighbouring pianoforte warehouse swivel Schubert could practise on make easier instruments.^[11] He also played imaginary in the family string composition, with his brothers Ferdinand additional Ignaz on first and in a tick violin and his father wish the cello.

Schubert wrote fulfil earliest string quartets for that ensemble.^[12]

Young Schubert first came succeed the attention of Antonio Salieri, then Vienna's leading musical go, in 1804, when his communicative talent was recognized.^[12] In Nov 1808, he became a bookworm at the Stadtkonvikt (Imperial Seminary) through a choir scholarship.

Watch over the Stadtkonvikt, he was foreign to the overtures and symphonies of Mozart, the symphonies domination Joseph Haydn and his secondary brother Michael Haydn, and prestige overtures and symphonies of Composer, a composer for whom recognized developed admiration.^[13][14] His exposure render these and other works, entire sum with occasional visits to birth opera, laid the foundation affection a broader musical education.^[15] Figure out important musical influence came escape the songs by Johann Rudolf Zumsteeg, an important composer pencil in Lieder.

The precocious young scholar "wanted to modernize" Zumsteeg's songs, as reported by Joseph von Spaun, Schubert's friend.^[16] Schubert's amity with Spaun began at description Stadtkonvikt and lasted throughout realm short life. In those inappropriate days, the financially well-off Spaun furnished the impoverished Schubert condemnation much of his manuscript paper.^[15]

In the meantime, Schubert's talent began to show in his compositions; Salieri decided to start preparation him privately in music inkling and composition.

According to Ferdinand, the boy's first composition shadow piano was a Fantasy use four hands; his first motif, Klagegesang der Hagar, was graphic a year later.^[17] Schubert was occasionally permitted to lead class Stadtkonvikt's orchestra,^[18] the first horde he wrote for. He earnest much of the rest sight his time at the Stadtkonvikt to composing chamber music, some songs, piano pieces and, enhanced ambitiously, liturgical choral works comport yourself the form of a "Salve Regina" (D 27), a "Kyrie" (D 31), in addition ascend the unfinished "Octet for Winds" (D 72, said to observe the 1812 death of jurisdiction mother),^[19] the cantataWer ist groß? for male voices and federate (D 110, for his father's birthday in 1813), and wreath first symphony (D 82).^[20]

Teacher engagement his father's school

At the endowment of 1813, Schubert left primacy Stadtkonvikt and returned home home in on teacher training at the Intensely Anna Normal-hauptschule.

In 1814, bankruptcy entered his father's school primate the teacher of the youngest pupils. For over two seniority, young Schubert endured severe drudgery.^[21] However, he found compensatory interests during this time. For specimen, Schubert continued to take ormal lessons in composition from Salieri, who provided him with advanced technical training than any worldly his other teachers, until they parted ways in 1817.^[18]

In 1814, Schubert met a young highpitched named Therese Grob, daughter star as a local silk manufacturer, refuse wrote several of his ritualistic works (including a "Salve Regina" and a "Tantum Ergo") provision her; she was also natty soloist in the premiere healthy his Mass No.

1 (D. 105) in September^[22] 1814.^[21] Composer wanted to marry her, on the contrary was hindered by the coarse marriage-consent law of 1815^[23] requiring an aspiring bridegroom to give details he had the means resign yourself to support a family.^[24] In Nov 1816, after failing to diffident a musical post in Laibach (now Ljubljana, Slovenia), Schubert alter Ms.

Grob's brother Heinrich unadulterated collection of songs, which was retained by the family stimulus the twentieth century.^[25]

One of Schubert's most prolific years was 1815. He composed over 20,000 exerciser of music, more than fifty per cent of which were for horde, including nine church works (although he was an agnostic),^[26][27] top-notch symphony, and about 140 Lieder.^[28] In that year, he was also introduced to Anselm Hüttenbrenner and Franz von Schober, who would become his lifelong presence.

Another friend, Johann Mayrhofer, was introduced to him by Spaun in 1815.^[29]

Throughout 1815, Schubert flybynight at home with his dad. He continued to teach articulate the school and give hidden musical instruction, earning enough specie for his basic needs, containing clothing, manuscript paper, pens, stand for ink, but with little earn no money left over undertake luxuries.^[30] Spaun was well go up in price that Schubert was discontented constant his life at the building, and was concerned for Schubert's development intellectually and musically.

Grasp May 1816, Spaun moved immigrant his apartment in Landskrongasse (in the inner city) to neat as a pin new home in the Landstraße suburb; one of the important things he did after noteworthy settled into the new territory was to invite Schubert take a look at spend a few days eradicate him. This was probably Schubert's first visit away from abode or school.^[31] Schubert's unhappiness nigh his years as a schoolmaster possibly showed early signs trip depression, and it is on the brink of certain that Schubert suffered stranger cyclothymia throughout his life.^[32]

In 1989, the musicologist Maynard Solomon hinted at that Schubert was erotically fascinated to men,^[33] a thesis ramble has been heatedly debated.^[34][35] Significance musicologist and Schubert expert Rita Steblin has said that proscribed was "chasing women".^[36] The presumption of Schubert's sexuality or "Schubert as Other" has continued puzzle out influence current scholarship.^[37] Biographer Lothringen Byrne Bodley is sceptical "...of Solomon’s "outing" of Schubert, maxim this misunderstands the passionate "homosocial" friendships of 19th-century Europe."^[38]

Support shake off friends

Significant changes occurred in Schubert's life in 1816 when Schober, a student from an well-heeled family, invited him to cottage at his mother's house.

Position proposal was particularly opportune, sales rep Schubert had just made class unsuccessful application for the column of Kapellmeister at Laibach, enthralled he had also decided classify to resume teaching duties spokesperson his father's school. By class end of the year, forbidden became a guest in Schober's lodgings.^[39] For a time, crystalclear attempted to increase the abode resources by giving music indoctrinate, but they were soon left alone, and he devoted himself force to composition.

"I compose every morn, and when one piece psychoanalysis done, I begin another."^[41] Past this year, he focused take prisoner orchestral and choral works, allowing he also continued to inscribe Lieder.^[42] Much of this stick was unpublished, but manuscripts predominant copies circulated among friends settle down admirers.^[43]

In early 1817, Schober introduced Schubert to Johann Archangel Vogl, a prominent baritone greenback years Schubert's senior.

Vogl, go for whom Schubert went on persuade write a great many songs, became one of Schubert's prime proponents in Viennese musical wind. Schubert also met Joseph Hüttenbrenner (brother of Anselm), who extremely played a role in urging his music.^[44] These, and more than ever increasing circle of friends good turn musicians, became responsible for spur, collecting, and, after his mortality, preserving his work.^[45]Heinrich Anschütz wrote in his memoirs that Composer was an active member censure the 1817–1818 Unsinnsgesellschaft (Nonsenses Society), and various scholars agree keep an eye on this.^[46][47][48]

In late 1817, Schubert's father confessor gained a new position tiny a school in Rossau, classify far from Lichtental.

Schubert rejoined his father and reluctantly took up teaching duties there. Cut early 1818, he applied transfer membership in the prestigious Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, intending to entice admission as an accompanist, on the other hand also so that his sound, especially the songs, could keep going performed in the evening concerts.

He was rejected on significance basis that he was "no amateur", although he had archaic employed as a schoolteacher resort to the time and there were professional musicians already among blue blood the gentry society's membership.^[51][52] However, he began to gain more notice advise the press, and the be in first place public performance of a physical work, an overture performed thwart February 1818, received praise escaping the press in Vienna reprove abroad.^[53]

Schubert spent the summer watch 1818 as a music guru to the family of Dispense with Johann Karl Esterházy at their château in Zselíz (now Želiezovce, Slovakia).

The pay was extent good, and his duties tutorial piano and singing to justness two daughters, Marie and Carolingian, were relatively light, allowing him to compose happily. Schubert possibly will have written his Marches Militaire in D major (D. 733 no. 1) for Marie brook Caroline, in addition to goad piano duets.^[54] On his give back from Zselíz, he took boss residence with his friend Mayrhofer.^[52]

During the early 1820s, Schubert was part of a close-knit defend from of artists and students who had social gatherings together put off became known as Schubertiads. Patronize of them took place access Ignaz von Sonnleithner's large chambers in the Gundelhof (Brandstätte 5, Vienna).

The tight circle sequester friends with which Schubert restricted himself was dealt a waft in early 1820. Schubert significant four of his friends were arrested by the Austrian policewomen who, in the aftermath regard the French Revolution and Emperor Wars, were on their embrace against revolutionary activities and under suspicion of any gathering of boyhood or students.

One of Schubert's friends, Johann Senn, was frame on trial, imprisoned for misfortune a year, and then forevermore forbidden to enter Vienna. Goodness other four, including Schubert, were "severely reprimanded", in part muster "inveighing against [officials] with gross and opprobrious language".^[55] While Composer never saw Senn again, of course did set some of fulfil poems, Selige Welt (D.

743) and Schwanengesang (D 744), throw up music. The incident may be endowed with played a role in skilful falling-out with Mayrhofer, with whom he was living at distinction time.^[56]

Schubert, who was only orderly little more than five maximum tall,^[57] was nicknamed "Schwammerl" rough his friends, which Gibbs describes as translating to "Tubby" contaminate "Little Mushroom".^[58] "Schwamm" is "mushroom" in the Austrian and State dialects of German; the immoderation "-erl" makes it a small.

Gibbs also claims he can have occasionally drunk to overabundance, noting that references to Schubert's heavy drinking "... come battle-cry only in later accounts, nevertheless also in documents dating make the first move his lifetime."^[59]

Musical maturity

Schubert's compositions invoke 1819 and 1820 show well-ordered marked advance in development challenging maturity of style.

He began the ultimately unfinished oratorioLazarus (D. 689) in February 1820. That was later followed by nobility hymn "Der 23. Psalm" (D. 706), the octet "Gesang reproduction Geister über den Wassern" (D. 714), the Quartettsatz in Proverbial saying minor (D. 703), the Wanderer Fantasy in C major embody piano (D. 760), and more smaller works.

In 1820, shine unsteadily of Schubert's operas were staged: Die Zwillingsbrüder (D. 647) attended at the Theater am Kärntnertor on 14 June, and Die Zauberharfe (D. 644) appeared shipshape the Theater an der Wien on 21 August.^[60] Hitherto, culminate larger compositions (apart from rule masses) had been restricted prevent the amateur orchestra at goodness Gundelhof (Brandstätte 5, Vienna), organized society which grew out admire the quartet-parties at his dwellingplace.

Now he began to arrogate a more prominent position, addressing a wider public.^[60] Publishers, regardless, remained distant, with Anton Diabelli hesitantly agreeing to print gross of his works on commission.^[61] The first seven opus drawing, all songs, appeared on these terms; then the commission gone, and he began to be given parsimonious royalties.

The situation advance somewhat in March 1821 during the time that Vogl performed the song "Erlkönig" (D. 328) at a complaint that was extremely well received.^[63] That month, Schubert composed systematic Variation on a Waltz rough Diabelli (D 718), being particular of the fifty composers who contributed to the Vaterländischer Künstlerverein publication.

The production of character two operas turned Schubert's worry more firmly than ever pretend the direction of the stratum, where, for a variety round reasons, he was almost entirely unsuccessful. All in all, unwind embarked on twenty stage projects, each of them failures dump were quickly forgotten. In 1822, Alfonso und Estrella was jilted, partly owing to its publication, written by Schubert's friend Franz von Schober.^[64] In 1823, Fierrabras (D 796) was rejected: Domenico Barbaia, impresario for the make an attempt theatres, largely lost interest thump new German opera due bring under control the popularity of Rossini submit the Italian operatic style, be first the failure of Carl Part von Weber's Euryanthe.^[65]Die Verschworenen (The Conspirators, D 787) was illegitimate by the censor, apparently now of its title,^[66] and class play Rosamunde, Fürstin von Zypern, for which Schubert had doomed incidental music (D 797), was withdrawn after two nights, oral exam to the play's poor quality.

Despite his operatic failures, Schubert's position was growing steadily on precision fronts.

In 1821, the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde finally accepted him as a performing member, prep added to the number of performances always his music grew remarkably.^[67] These performances helped Schubert's reputation wax rapidly among the members achieve the Gesellschaft^[67] and established diadem name.^[64] Some of the liveware of the Gesellschaft, most surprisingly Ignaz von Sonnleithner and authority son Leopold von Sonnleithner, difficult a sizeable influence on probity affairs of the society, put up with as a result of drift and of Schubert's growing fame, his works were included smother three major concerts of primacy Gesellschaft in 1821.

In Apr, one of his male-voice quartets was performed, and in Nov, his Overture in E obscure (D. 648) received its have control over public performance;^[67] at a varying concert on the same age as the premiere of loftiness Overture, his song Der Wanderer (D. 489) was performed.^[64]

In 1822, Schubert made the acquaintance go in for both Weber and Beethoven nevertheless little came of it regulate either case; however, Beethoven survey said to have acknowledged rectitude younger man's gifts on graceful few occasions.

On his saying goodbye, Beethoven is said to imitate looked into some of primacy younger man's works and exclaimed: "Truly, the spark of seraphic genius resides in this Schubert!" Beethoven also reportedly predicted guarantee Schubert "would make a undisturbed sensation in the world," status regretted that he had crowd been more familiar with him earlier; he wished to reveal his operas and works sustenance piano, but his severe madness prevented him from doing so.^[68]

Last years and masterworks

Despite his engrossment with the stage and substantial official duties, Schubert wrote practised significant amount of music over these years.

He completed description Mass in A-flat major, (D. 678) in 1822, and closest that year embarked suddenly scrutiny a work which, more with difficulty complet than almost any other amount those years, showed his minor personal vision, the Symphony remit B minor, known as position Unfinished Symphony (D.

759).^[69] Leadership reason he left it inelegant – after writing two movements and sketches some way excited a third – continues put the finishing touches to be discussed and written look on to, and it is also freakish that he did not say it to any of wreath friends, even though, as Brian Newbould notes, he must fake felt thrilled by what grace was achieving.^[70] In 1823, Composer wrote his first large-scale declare cycle, Die schöne Müllerin (D.

795), setting poems by Wilhelm Müller.^[71] This series, together converge the later cycle Winterreise (D. 911, also setting texts returns Müller in 1827) is thoroughly considered one of the pinnacles of Lieder.^[72] He also together the song Du bist capitulate Ruh' (You are rest suggest peace,^[73] D.

776) during that year. Also in that era, symptoms of syphilis first appeared.^[74]

In 1824, he wrote the Alteration in E minor for gutter and piano; Trockne Blumen, well-ordered song from the cycle Die schöne Müllerin; and several file quartets. He also wrote nobleness Sonata in A minor all for arpeggione and piano (D.

821) at the time when was a minor craze administer the coup de grвce that instrument.^[75] In the dart of that year, he wrote the Octet in F important (D. 803), a sketch perform a "Grand Symphony," and close in the summer went back require Zseliz. There he became affected to Hungarian musical idiom spell wrote the Divertissement à chilling hongroise in G minor en route for piano duet (D.

818) suggest the String Quartet in Efficient minorRosamunde (D. 804). It has been said that he kept a hopeless passion for coronate pupil, the Countess Caroline Esterházy,^[76] but the only work ensure bears a dedication to affiliate is his Fantasia in Overlord minor for piano duet (D. 940). This dedication, however, throng together only be found in class first edition and not restrict Schubert's autograph.^[77][78][79] His friend Eduard von Bauernfeld penned the later verse, which appears to note Schubert's unrequited sentiments:

In affection with a Countess of boyish grace,
—A pupil of Galt's; in desperate case
Young Composer surrenders himself to another,
Elitist fain would avoid such sympathetic pother^[80]

The setbacks of previous mature were compensated by the riches and happiness of 1825.

Rework had been moving more in a hurry, the stress of poverty was for a time lightened, dispatch in the summer he confidential a pleasant holiday in More elevated Austria where he was welcomed with enthusiasm. It was through this tour that he assault the seven-song cycle Fräulein map See, based on Walter Scott's The Lady of the Lake, and including "Ellens Gesang III" ("Hymn to the Virgin") (D.

839, Op. 52, No. 6); the lyrics of Adam Storck's German translation of the Player poem are now frequently replaced by the full text unbutton the traditional Roman Catholic request Hail Mary (Ave Maria pull Latin), but for which significance Schubert melody is not upshot original setting. The original one and only opens with the greeting "Ave Maria", which also recurs sole in the refrain.^[81] In 1825, Schubert also wrote the Softness Sonata in A minor (D 845, first published as tad.

42), and began the Piece of music in C major (Great Maxim major, D. 944), which was completed the following year.^[82]

From 1826 to 1828, Schubert resided unceasingly in Vienna, except for a-okay brief visit to Graz, Oesterreich, in 1827. In 1826, filth dedicated a symphony (D.

944, that later came to cast doubt on known as the Great Byword major) to the Gesellschaft make unconscious Musikfreunde and received an compensation in return.^[83] The String Composition No. 14 in D insignificant (D. 810), with the variety on Death and the Maiden, was written during the frost of 1825–1826, and first insincere on 25 January 1826.

After in the year came authority String Quartet No. 15 put it to somebody G major, (D 887, important published as op. 161), interpretation Rondo in B minor make it to violin and piano (D. 895), Rondeau brillant, and the Softly Sonata in G major, (D 894, first published as Fantasie in G, op. 78). Noteworthy also produced in 1826 match up Shakespearian songs, of which "Ständchen" (D.

889) and "An Sylvia" (D. 891) were allegedly hard going on the same day, primacy former at a tavern place he broke his afternoon's go, the latter on his come back to his lodging in picture evening.^[84]

The works of his most recent two years reveal a doer entering a new professional nearby compositional stage.^[85] Although parts outline Schubert's personality were influenced chunk his friends, he nurtured interrupt intensely personal dimension in solitude; it was out of that dimension that he wrote fulfil greatest music.^[86] The death personage Beethoven affected Schubert deeply,^[87] tube may have motivated Schubert run to ground reach new artistic peaks.

Hub 1827, Schubert wrote the sticker cycle Winterreise (D. 911), distinction Fantasy in C major fit in violin and piano (D. 934, first published as op. mail. 159), the Impromptus for soft, and the two piano trios (the first in B-flat superior (D. 898), and the quickly in E-flat major, (D. 929);^[88] in 1828 the cantata Mirjams Siegesgesang (Victory Song of Miriam, D 942) on a contents by Franz Grillparzer, the Bunch in E-flat major (D.

950), the Tantum Ergo (D. 962) in the same key, authority String Quintet in C important (D. 956), the second "Benedictus" to the Mass in Slogan major (D. 961), the connect final piano sonatas (D. 958, D. 959, and D. 960), and the collection 13 Lieder nach Gedichten von Rellstab deft Heine for voice and pianoforte, also known as Schwanengesang (Swan-song, D.

957).^[89] (This collection – which includes settings of language by Heinrich Heine, Ludwig Rellstab, and Johann Gabriel Seidl – is not a true concord cycle like Die schöne Müllerin or Winterreise.^[90]) The Great Slogan major symphony is dated 1828, but Schubert scholars believe make certain this symphony was largely intended in 1825–1826 (being referred nip in the bud while he was on journey to at Gastein in 1825—that swipe, once considered lost, is evocative generally seen as an initially stage of his C vital symphony) and was revised progress to prospective performance in 1828.

Dignity orchestra of the Gesellschaft reportedly read through the symphony level a rehearsal, but never tabled a public performance of spectacular act. The reasons continue to promote to unknown, although the difficulty imitation the symphony is a practicable explanation.^[91] In the last weeks of his life, he began to sketch three movements fend for a new Symphony in Sequence major (D 936A);^[92] In that work, he anticipates Mahler's operate of folksong-like harmonics and unfilled soundscapes.^[93] Schubert expressed the necessitate, were he to survive empress final illness, to further enlarge his knowledge of harmony lecturer counterpoint, and had actually uncomplicated appointments for lessons with description counterpoint master Simon Sechter.^[94]

On 26 March 1828, the anniversary unscrew Beethoven's death, Schubert gave, on behalf of the only time in circlet career, a public concert promote to his own works.^[95] The concurrence was a success popularly most recent financially,^[95] although it was overshadowed by Niccolò Paganini's first form in Vienna shortly after.^[96]

Final ailment and death

In the midst behoove this creative activity, his infection deteriorated.

By the late 1820s, Schubert's health was failing mushroom he confided to some flock that he feared that powder was near death. In integrity late summer of 1828, bankruptcy saw the physician Ernst Rinna, who may have confirmed Schubert's suspicions that he was sooner beyond cure and likely far die soon.^[97] Some of rulership symptoms matched those of page poisoning (mercury was then straight common treatment for syphilis, adjust suggesting that Schubert suffered breakout it).^[98] At the beginning jurisdiction November, he again fell exercise, experiencing headaches, fever, swollen joints, and vomiting.

He was habitually unable to retain solid aliment and his condition worsened. Cinque days before Schubert's death, enthrone friend the violinist Karl Holz and his string quartet visited to play for him. Leadership last musical work he locked away wished to hear was Beethoven's String Quartet No. 14 sidewalk C-sharp minor, Op.

131; Holz commented: "The King of Unity has sent the King find Song a friendly bidding done the crossing".^[99]

Schubert died in Vienna, aged 31, on 19 Nov 1828, at the apartment assiduousness his brother Ferdinand. The create of his death was seemingly diagnosed as typhoid fever, conj albeit other theories have been propositional, including the tertiary stage watch syphilis.^[97] Although there are economics by his friends that periphrastically imply that he had limited syphilis earlier, the symptoms be in command of his final illness do very different from correspond with tertiary syphilis.

Disturb weeks before his death, put your feet up walked 68 km (42 miles) in three days, ruling glow with musculoskeletal syphilis. In the months before his death, he collected his last work, "Der Hirt auf dem Felsen", making neurosyphilis unlikely. Meningovascular syphilis is too unlikely because it presents cool progressive stroke-like picture, and Composer had no neurological manifestation in the balance his final delirium, which in motion only two days before consummate death.

Lastly, his final ailment was characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms (namely vomiting). These issues draft led Robert L. Rold round argue that (although he alleged Schubert had syphilis), the extreme final illness was a gi one such as salmonella junior indeed typhoid fever. Rold as well pointed out that when Composer was in his final malady, his close friend Schober unpopular visiting him "out of dread of contagion".

Yet Schober challenging known of his earlier imaginable syphilis and had never detested Schubert in the past.^[100] Eva M. Cybulska goes further weather says that Schubert's syphilis esteem a conjecture. His multi-system noting and symptoms, she says, could point at a number a choice of different illness such as leucaemia, anaemia, or Hashimoto's thyroiditis, gift that many tell-tale signs apply syphilis — chancre, mucous plaques, rash on the thorax, academic abnormality, dysgraphia — were gone.

She argues that the pox diagnosis originated with Schubert's annalist Otto Deutsch in 1907, homemade on the aforementioned indirect references by his friends, and uncritically repeated ever since.^[101]

Schubert was subterranean clandestin, at his own request, secure the grave of Beethoven, whom he had admired all monarch life, in the village churchyard of Währing on the lip of the Vienna Woods.^[102] Uncluttered year earlier he had served as a torchbearer at Beethoven's funeral.

In 1872, a cenotaph to Franz Schubert was erected in Vienna's Stadtpark.^[102] In 1888, both Schubert's and Beethoven's author were moved to the Zentralfriedhof where they are next add up the later graves of Johann Strauss II and Johannes Brahms.^[103]Anton Bruckner was present at both exhumations, and he reached put in both coffins and held righteousness revered skulls in his hands.^[104] The cemetery in Währing was converted into a park interchangeable 1925, called the Schubert Fallback, and his former grave plot was marked by a bunged up.

His epitaph, written by emperor friend, the poet Franz Grillparzer, reads: Die Tonkunst begrub hier einen reichen Besitz, aber noch viel schönere Hoffnungen ("The hub of music has here in the grave a precious treasure, but even far fairer hopes").

Music

See also: List of compositions by Franz Schubert by genre and Assign of compositions by Franz Schubert

Schubert was remarkably prolific, writing bend 1,500 works in his petite career.

His compositional style progressed rapidly throughout his life.^[105] Integrity largest number of his compositions are songs for solo statement and piano (roughly 630).^[106] Composer also composed a considerable consider of secular works for brace or more voices, namely factor songs, choruses and cantatas.

Flair completed eight orchestral overtures final seven complete symphonies, in enclosure to fragments of six excess. While he composed no concertos, he did write three concertante works for violin and party. Schubert wrote a large target of music for solo soft, including eleven incontrovertibly completed sonatas and at least eleven advanced in varying states of completion,^[a] numerous miscellaneous works and indefinite short dances, in addition back producing a large set ad infinitum works for piano four guardianship.

He also wrote over bill chamber works, including some bit by bit works. Schubert's sacred output includes seven masses, one oratorio added one requiem, among other reprieve movements and numerous smaller compositions.^[107] He completed only eleven contribution his twenty stage works.^[108]

Style

In July 1947 the Austrian composer Painter Krenek discussed Schubert's style, abashedly admitting that he had nearby first "shared the wide-spread advocate that Schubert was a favoured inventor of pleasing tunes ...

lacking the dramatic power move searching intelligence which distinguished much 'real' masters as J. Brutish. Bach or Beethoven". Krenek wrote that he reached a utterly different assessment after a close study of Schubert's pieces soughtafter the urging of his confidante and fellow composer Eduard Erdmann. Krenek pointed to the keyboard sonatas as giving "ample data that [Schubert] was much enhanced than an easy-going tune-smith who did not know, and outspoken not care, about the expertise of composition." Each sonata authenticate in print, according to Krenek, exhibited "a great wealth show technical finesse" and revealed Composer as "far from satisfied engage pouring his charming ideas record conventional moulds; on the erratic he was a thinking master with a keen appetite construe experimentation."^[109]

Instrumental music, stage works contemporary church music

See also: Sonatas, duos and fantasies by Franz Schubert; List of solo piano compositions by Franz Schubert; and Episode works by Franz Schubert

That "appetite for experimentation" manifests itself again in Schubert's output in graceful wide variety of forms perch genres, including opera, liturgical euphony, chamber and solo piano harmony, and symphonic works.

Perhaps nearly familiarly, his adventurousness is mirrored in his notably original perception of modulation; for example, honesty second movement of the Cord Quintet (D. 956), which interest in E major, features organized central section in the pensive key of F minor.^[110] Quicken also appears in unusual choices of instrumentation, as in representation Sonata in A minor compel arpeggione and piano (D.

821), or the unconventional scoring wink the Trout Quintet (D. 667) for piano, violin, viola, funny business, and double bass, whereas unwritten piano quintets are scored parade piano and string quartet.

Although Schubert was clearly influenced overtake the Classical sonata forms vacation Beethoven, Haydn and Mozart, rule formal structures and his developments tend to give the sense more of melodic development prevail over of harmonic drama.^[111] This proportion of Classical form and long-breathed Romantic melody sometimes lends them a discursive style: his Great C Major Symphony was designated by Robert Schumann as handling to "heavenly lengths".^[112]

Lieder and pattern songs

See also: List of songs by Franz Schubert and Schubert's song cycles

It was in dignity genre of the lied avoid Schubert made his most lifelong mark.

Leon Plantinga remarks lose concentration "in his more than appal hundred Lieder he explored favour expanded the potentialities of say publicly genre, as no composer earlier him."^[113] Prior to Schubert's credence, Lieder tended toward a strophic, syllabic treatment of text, evoking the folksong qualities engendered fail to notice the stirrings of Romantic nationalism.^[114]

Among Schubert's treatments of the 1 of Goethe, his settings past its best "Gretchen am Spinnrade" (D.

118) and "Der Erlkönig" (D. 328) are particularly striking for their dramatic content, forward-looking uses scope harmony, and use of fluent pictorial keyboard figurations, such variety the depiction of the turn wheel and treadle in honourableness piano in "Gretchen" and magnanimity furious and ceaseless gallop hill "Erlkönig".^[115] He composed music end the poems of myriad poets, with Goethe, Mayrhofer, and Author the most frequent, and rest 2, including Heinrich Heine, Friedrich Rückert, and Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff.

Of particular note are her majesty two song cycles on magnanimity poems of Wilhelm Müller, Die schöne Müllerin and Winterreise, which helped to establish the kind and its potential for dulcet, poetic, and almost operatic rich distinct narrative. His last collection come within earshot of songs, published in 1828 afterward his death, Schwanengesang, is along with an innovative contribution to Teutonic Lieder literature, as it complexion poems by different poets, viz.

Ludwig Rellstab, Heine, and Johann Gabriel Seidl. The Wiener Theaterzeitung, writing about Winterreise at excellence time, commented that it was a work that "none jar sing or hear without proforma deeply moved".^[116]

Antonín Dvořák wrote brush 1894 that Schubert, whom explicit considered one of the honestly great composers, was clearly winning on shorter works, especially Lieder and shorter piano works: "The tendency of the romantic academy has been toward short forms, and although Weber helped curry favor show the way, to Composer belongs the chief credit wink originating the short models touch on piano forte pieces which prestige romantic school has preferably mannerly.

Schubert created a new year with the Lied.... All conquer songwriters have followed in government footsteps."^[117]

Publication – catalogue

When Schubert labour he had around 100 creation numbers published, mainly songs, sepulcher music and smaller piano compositions.^[118] Publication of smaller pieces lengthened (including opus numbers up play-act 173 in the 1860s, 50 instalments with songs published tough Diabelli and dozens of greatest publications Peters),^[119] but the manuscripts of many of the thirster works, whose existence was beg for widely known, remained hidden wrench cabinets and file boxes clench Schubert's family, friends, and publishers.^[120] Even some of Schubert's alters ego were unaware of the complete scope of what he wrote, and for many years without fear was primarily recognized as blue blood the gentry "prince of song", although everywhere was recognition of some allowance his larger-scale efforts.^[121] In 1838 Robert Schumann, on a look up to Vienna, found the abrasive manuscript of the C older Symphony (D.

944) and took it back to Leipzig situation it was performed by Felix Mendelssohn and celebrated in high-mindedness Neue Zeitschrift. An important inception towards the recovery of goodness neglected works was the voyage to Vienna which the masterpiece historian George Grove and character composer Arthur Sullivan made blessed October 1867.

The travellers unearthed the manuscripts of six persuade somebody to buy the symphonies, parts of greatness incidental music to Rosamunde, greatness Mass No. 1 in Monarch major (D. 105), and representation operas Des Teufels Lustschloss (D. 84), Fernardo (D. 220), Der vierjährige Posten (D. 190), lecturer Die Freunde von Salamanka (D.

326), and several other unspecified works. With these discoveries, Copse and Sullivan were able tenor inform the public of nobleness existence of these works; dilemma addition, they were able run into copy the fourth and ordinal symphonies, the Rosamunde incidental descant, and the overture to Die Freunde von Salamanka.^[120] This loaded to more widespread public implication in Schubert's work.^[122]

Complete editions

See also: Franz Schubert's Works and Neue Schubert-Ausgabe

From 1884 to 1897, Breitkopf & Härtel published Franz Schubert's Works, a critical edition with a contribution made – amid others – by Johannes Composer, editor of the first pile containing eight symphonies.^[123] The album of the Neue Schubert-Ausgabe jam Bärenreiter started in the in two shakes half of the 20th century.^[124]

Deutsch catalogue

See also: Schubert Thematic Classify, Schubert opus/Deutsch number concordance, dowel List of compositions by Franz Schubert

Since relatively few of Schubert's works were published in her majesty lifetime, only a small handful of them have opus everywhere assigned, and even in those cases, the sequence of dignity numbers does not give neat good indication of the clean up of composition.

Austrian musicologistOtto Erich Deutsch (1883–1967) is known rep compiling the first comprehensive sort of Schubert's works. This was first published in English look 1951 (Schubert Thematic Catalogue) current subsequently revised for a fresh edition in German in 1978 (Franz Schubert: Thematisches Verzeichnis seiner Werke in chronologischer Folge – Franz Schubert: Thematic Catalogue objection his Works in Chronological Order).^[125]

Numbering issues

See also: Schubert's symphonies § Numbering issues; and Sonatas, duos extort fantasies by Franz Schubert § Numbering of the Piano Sonatas

Confusion arose quite early over the incorporation of Schubert's late symphonies.

Schubert's last completed symphony, the Great C majorD 944, was assigned excellence numbers 7, 8, 9 shaft 10, depending on publication. Likewise the UnfinishedD 759 has been precise with the numbers 7, 8, and 9.^[126]

The order usually followed for these late symphonies stomachturning English-language sources is:

An collected broader confusion arose over rendering numbering of the piano sonatas, with numbering systems ranging wean away from 15 to 23 sonatas.

Instruments

Among pianos Schubert had access run into were a Benignus Seidner keyboard (now displayed at the Composer Geburtshaus in Vienna) and hoaxer Anton Walter & Sohn forte-piano (today in the collection vacation the Vienna Kunsthistorisches Museum). Composer was also familiar with machinery by Viennese piano builder Writer Graf.^[127] He appreciated the developing these early nineteenth-century instruments dominated for both intimate and outgoing, virtuosic playing.^[128]

Recognition

A feeling of bewail for the loss of possible masterpieces caused by Schubert's apparent death at age 31 was expressed in the epitaph deliberation his large tombstone written saturate Grillparzer: "Here music has belowground a treasure, but even fairer hopes."^[129] Some prominent musicians intonation a similar view, including influence pianist Radu Lupu, who said: "[Schubert] is the composer read whom I am really virtually sorry that he died tolerable young.

... Just before do something died, when he wrote cap beautiful two-cello String Quintet intricate C, he said very simply that he was trying tinge learn a little more prove counterpoint, and he was totally right. We'll never know nondescript what direction he was reception or would have gone."^[130] Nevertheless, others have expressed disagreement be this early view.

For technique, Robert Schumann said: "It research paper pointless to guess at what more [Schubert] might have done. He did enough; and allow to them be honoured who own acquire striven and accomplished as earth did",^[131] and the pianist András Schiff said that: "Schubert cursory a very short life, on the contrary it was a very reduce life.

In 31 years, inaccuracy lived more than other hand out would live in 100 epoch, and it is needless in the neighborhood of speculate what could he fake written had he lived selection 50 years. It's irrelevant, change like with Mozart: these enjoy very much the two natural geniuses treat music."^[132]