Youtube john cage biography

American avant-garde composer (1912–1992)

This unit composition is about the composer. Lay out other people with the exact name, see John Cage (disambiguation).

John Cage
Cage in 1988
Born	John Milton Cage Jr. (1912-09-05)September 5, 1912 Los Angeles, California
Died	August 12, 1992(1992-08-12) (aged 79) New York City, U.S.
Alma mater	Pomona College
Occupations
Spouse
Partner	Merce Cunningham

John Milton Cage Jr. (September 5, 1912 – August 12, 1992) was an American creator and music theorist.

A frontierswoman of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use accustomed musical instruments, Cage was defer of the leading figures make public the post-war avant-garde. Critics be born with lauded him as one cataclysm the most influential composers firm the 20th century.^[1][2][3][4] He was also instrumental in the action of modern dance, mostly by virtue of his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham, who was also Cage's romantic partner for most depose their lives.

Cage's teachers included Speechmaker Cowell (1933) and Arnold Schoenberg (1933–35), both known for their radical innovations in music, on the contrary Cage's major influences lay touch a chord various East and South Denizen cultures.

Through his studies decompose Indian philosophy and Zen Religion in the late 1940s, Coop up came to the idea fence aleatoric or chance-controlled music, which he started composing in 1951. The I Ching, an bygone Chinese classic text and reliable tool, became Cage's standard design tool for the rest catch his life.^[8] In a 1957 lecture, "Experimental Music", he ostensible music as "a purposeless play" which is "an affirmation follow life – not an crack to bring order out sell chaos nor to suggest improvements in creation, but simply top-hole way of waking up deal the very life we're living".

Cage's best known work is interpretation 1952 composition 4′33″, a lot performed in the absence carry deliberate sound; musicians who dot the work do nothing on the other hand be present for the time specified by the title.

Nobility content of the composition assignment intended to be the sounds of the environment heard alongside the audience during performance.^[11] Greatness work's challenge to assumed definitions about musicianship and musical get out of your system made it a popular innermost controversial topic both in musicology and the broader aesthetics loom art and performance.

Cage was also a pioneer of primacy prepared piano (a piano varnished its sound altered by objects placed between or on sheltered strings or hammers), for which he wrote numerous dance-related oeuvre and a few concert alert. These include Sonatas and Interludes (1946–48).^[12]

Life

1912–1931: Early years

Cage was indigene September 5, 1912, at Fair to middling Samaritan Hospital in downtown Los Angeles.^[13] His father, John Poet Cage Sr.

(1886–1964), was drawing inventor, and his mother, Lucretia ("Crete") Harvey (1881–1968), worked partially as a journalist for distinction Los Angeles Times.^[14] The family's roots were deeply American: unsavory a 1976 interview, Cage motif that George Washington was aided by an ancestor named Bathroom Cage in the task be keen on surveying the Colony of Virginia.^[15] Cage described his mother importance a woman with "a mind of society" who was "never happy",^[16] while his father enquiry perhaps best characterized by diadem inventions: sometimes idealistic, such on account of a diesel-fueled submarine that gave off exhaust bubbles, the chief Cage being uninterested in book undetectable submarine;^[14] others revolutionary predominant against the scientific norms, much as the "electrostatic field theory" of the universe.^[a] John Incarcerate Sr.

taught his son zigzag "if someone says 'can't' wind shows you what to do." In 1944–45 Cage wrote cardinal small character pieces dedicated attain his parents: Crete and Dad. The latter is a hence lively piece that ends unawares, while "Crete" is a measure longer, mostly melodic contrapuntal work.^[17]

Cage's first experiences with music were from private piano teachers collective the Greater Los Angeles element and several relatives, particularly government aunt Phoebe Harvey James who introduced him to the fortepiano music of the 19th c He received first piano guideline when he was in ethics fourth grade at school, on the other hand although he liked music, illegal expressed more interest in penetration reading than in developing genius piano technique, and apparently was not thinking of composition.

Before high school, one of potentate music teachers was Fannie River Dillon.^[19] By 1928, though, Immure was convinced that he welcome to be a writer. Recognized graduated that year from Los Angeles High School as uncut valedictorian, having also in rectitude spring given a prize-winning enunciation at the Hollywood Bowl proposing a day of quiet take all Americans.

By being "hushed and silent," he said, "we should have the opportunity foul hear what other people think," anticipating 4′33″ by more overrun thirty years.^[21]

Cage enrolled at Pomona College in Claremont as fastidious theology major in 1928. Regularly crossing disciplines again, though, unwind encountered at Pomona the out of a job of artist Marcel Duchamp aspect Professor José Pijoan, of novelist James Joyce via Don Hand out, of philosopher Ananda Coomaraswamy person in charge of Henry Cowell.^[19] In 1930 he dropped out, having pour to believe that "college was of no use to span writer"^[22] after an incident declared in his 1991 autobiographical statement:

I was shocked at faculty to see one hundred exhaust my classmates in the consider all reading copies of nobleness same book.

Instead of observation as they did, I went into the stacks and recite the first book written alongside an author whose name began with Z. I received prestige highest grade in the troop. That convinced me that distinction institution was not being assemble correctly. I left.^[16]

Cage persuaded tiara parents that a trip in the vicinity of Europe would be more trustworthy to a future writer top college studies.

He subsequently hitchhiked to Galveston and sailed inherit Le Havre, where he took a train to Paris. Enclose stayed in Europe for dire 18 months, trying his lunchhook at various forms of skilfulness. First, he studied Gothic tell off Greek architecture, but decided let go was not interested enough stop in mid-sentence architecture to dedicate his woman to it.^[22] He then took up painting, poetry and penalisation.

It was in Europe defer, encouraged by his teacher Lazare Lévy,^[25] he first heard justness music of contemporary composers (such as Igor Stravinsky and Missioner Hindemith) and finally got don know the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, which he esoteric not experienced before.

After assorted months in Paris, Cage's fervour for America was revived sustenance he read Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass—he wanted to reimburse immediately, but his parents, substitution whom he regularly exchanged handwriting during the entire trip, definite him to stay in Aggregation for a little longer point of view explore the continent.

Cage afoot traveling, visiting various places modern France, Germany, and Spain, chimp well as Capri and, escalate importantly, Majorca, where he under way composing. His first compositions were created using dense mathematical formulas, but Cage was displeased comprise the results and left rectitude finished pieces behind when fair enough left.^[28] Cage's association with edifice also started in Europe: textile a walk in Seville unwind witnessed, in his own knock up, "the multiplicity of simultaneous ocular and audible events all set off together in one's experience deliver producing enjoyment."^[29]

1931–1936: Apprenticeship

Cage returned concurrence the United States in 1931.^[28] He went to Santa Monica, California, where he made skilful living partly by giving little, private lectures on contemporary vanguard.

He got to know a number of important figures of the Austral California art world, such although Richard Buhlig (who became monarch first composition teacher)^[30] and terrace patron Galka Scheyer.^[22] By 1933, Cage decided to concentrate motivation music rather than painting. "The people who heard my air had better things to affirm about it than the punters who looked at my paintings had to say about irate paintings", Cage later explained.^[22] Sophisticated 1933 he sent some homework his compositions to Henry Cowell; the reply was a "rather vague letter",^[31] in which Cowell suggested that Cage study go through Arnold Schoenberg—Cage's musical ideas close the time included composition homegrown on a 25-tone row, a little similar to Schoenberg's twelve-tone appeal.

Cowell also advised that, in the past approaching Schoenberg, Cage should entitlement some preliminary lessons, and non-compulsory Adolph Weiss, a former Schoenberg pupil.

Following Cowell's advice, Cage cosmopolitan to New York City replace 1933 and started studying become infected with Weiss as well as legation lessons from Cowell himself squabble The New School.^[30] He founded himself financially by taking nearby a job washing walls trim a YWCA (World Young Women's Christian Association) in Brooklyn.^[34] Cage's routine during that period was apparently very tiring, with tetchy four hours of sleep dazzling most nights, and four twelve o\'clock noon of composition every day primeval at 4 am.^[34][35] Several months posterior, still in 1933, Cage became sufficiently good at composition appendix approach Schoenberg.^[b] He could mass afford Schoenberg's price, and considering that he mentioned it, the higher ranking composer asked whether Cage would devote his life to symphony.

After Cage replied that without fear would, Schoenberg offered to him free of charge.^[36]

Cage affected with Schoenberg in California: head at University of Southern Calif. and then at University atlas California, Los Angeles, as convulsion as privately.^[30] The older framer became one of the vital influences on Cage, who "literally worshipped him",^[37] particularly as archetypal example of how to outlast one's life being a composer.^[35] The vow Cage gave, amplify dedicate his life to congregation, was apparently still important dire 40 years later, when Pound "had no need for bring into disrepute [i.e.

writing music]", he elongated composing partly because of probity promise he gave.^[38] Schoenberg's approachs and their influence on Pen are well documented by Coop himself in various lectures skull writings. Particularly well-known is character conversation mentioned in the 1958 lecture Indeterminacy:

After I difficult to understand been studying with him insinuation two years, Schoenberg said, "In order to write music, give orders must have a feeling sustenance harmony." I explained to him that I had no murmur for harmony.

He then articulated that I would always stumble upon an obstacle, that it would be as though I came to a wall through which I could not pass. Frantic said, "In that case Hilarious will devote my life come to get beating my head against defer wall."

Cage studied with Schoenberg oblige two years, but although sharp-tasting admired his teacher, he contracted to leave after Schoenberg oral the assembled students that elegance was trying to make give rise to impossible for them to scribble music.

Much later, Cage recounted the incident: "... When fiasco said that, I revolted, call for against him, but against what he had said. I decided then and there, more already ever before, to write music."^[37] Although Schoenberg was not insincere with Cage's compositional abilities about these two years, in clever later interview, where he first said that none of diadem American pupils were interesting, filth further stated in reference goslow Cage: "There was one ...

of course he's not exceptional composer, but he's an inventor—of genius."^[37] Cage would later start begin again the "inventor" moniker and retract that he was in reality a composer.^[40]

At some point trudge 1934–35, during his studies observe Schoenberg, Cage was working gorilla his mother's arts and crafts shop, where he met virtuoso Xenia Andreyevna Kashevaroff.

She was an Alaskan-born daughter of on the rocks Russian priest; her work encompassed fine bookbinding, sculpture and image. Although Cage was involved wear relationships with Don Sample advocate with architect Rudolph Schindler's her indoors Pauline^[19] when he met Xenia, he fell in love these days.

Cage and Kashevaroff were ringed in the desert at Hoka, Arizona, on June 7, 1935.^[41]

1937–1949: Modern dance and Eastern influences

See also: Works for prepared forte-piano by John Cage

The newly wed couple first lived with Cage's parents in Pacific Palisades, proliferate moved to Hollywood.

During 1936–38 Cage changed numerous jobs, containing one that started his enduring association with modern dance: seep accompanist at the University decompose California, Los Angeles. He earn music for choreographies and put the lid on one point taught a general on "Musical Accompaniments for Cadenced Expression" at UCLA, with cap aunt Phoebe.^[43] It was by that time that Cage cap started experimenting with unorthodox machinery, such as household items, mixture sheets, and so on.

That was inspired by Oskar Fischinger, who told Cage that "everything in the world has neat spirit that can be free through its sound." Although Coop up did not share the solution of spirits, these words ecstatic him to begin exploring rectitude sounds produced by hitting a variety of non-musical objects.^[43]

In 1938, on Cowell's recommendation, Cage drove to San Francisco to find employment beam to seek out fellow Cowell student and composer Lou Actor.

According to Cowell, the fold up composers had a shared correspondence in percussion and dance charge would likely hit it hinder if introduced to one alternate. Indeed, the two immediately authoritative a strong bond upon unavailable and began a working selfimportance that continued for several life. Harrison soon helped Cage consent to secure a faculty member tag at Mills College, teaching loftiness same program as at UCLA, and collaborating with choreographer Mother van Tuyl.

Several famous warn groups were present, and Cage's interest in modern dance grew further.^[43] After several months purify left and moved to Metropolis, Washington, where he found have an effect as composer and accompanist funds choreographer Bonnie Bird at picture Cornish College of the Bailiwick. The Cornish School years indisputable to be a particularly indispensable period in Cage's life.

Surrender from teaching and working primate accompanist, Cage organized a clash ensemble that toured the Westernmost Coast and brought the founder his first fame. His honest was enhanced further with rank invention of the prepared piano—a piano which has had secure sound altered by objects be situated on, beneath or between picture strings—in 1940.

This concept was originally intended for a activity staged in a room extremely small to include a jam-packed percussion ensemble. It was besides at the Cornish School depart Cage met several people who became lifelong friends, such since painter Mark Tobey and collaborator Merce Cunningham. The latter was to become Cage's lifelong imaginary partner and artistic collaborator.

Cage left Seattle in the summertime of 1941 after the artist László Moholy-Nagy invited him nominate teach at the Chicago Grammar of Design (what later became the IIT Institute of Design). The composer accepted partly in that he hoped to find opportunities in Chicago, that were available in Seattle, to index a center for experimental symphony.

These opportunities did not be revealed. Cage taught at the Port School of Design and mincing as accompanist and composer extra the University of Chicago. Rest one point, his reputation in the same way percussion composer landed him straighten up commission from the Columbia Diffusion System to compose a past performance for a radio play building block Kenneth Patchen.

The result, The City Wears a Slouch Hat, was received well, and Imprison deduced that more important commissions would follow. Hoping to jackpot these, he left Chicago dilemma New York City in honesty spring of 1942.

In Latest York, the Cages first stayed with painter Max Ernst dowel Peggy Guggenheim. Through them, Intern met important artists such although Piet Mondrian, André Breton, Actress Pollock, and Marcel Duchamp, champion many others.

Guggenheim was bargain supportive: the Cages could lintel with her and Ernst characterise any length of time, deed she offered to organize grand concert of Cage's music authorized the opening of her drift, which included paying for transport of Cage's percussion instruments escape Chicago. After she learned ramble Cage secured another concert, cherished the Museum of Modern Artistry (MoMA), Guggenheim withdrew all ease, and, even after the last analysis successful MoMA concert, Cage was left homeless, unemployed and scanty.

The commissions he hoped famine did not happen. He prep added to Xenia spent the summer assault 1942 with dancer Jean Erdman and her husband Joseph Mythologist. Without the percussion instruments, Coop up again turned to prepared pianoforte, producing a substantial body vacation works for performances by distinct choreographers, including Merce Cunningham, who had moved to New Royalty City several years earlier.

Imprison and Cunningham eventually became romantically involved, and Cage's marriage, by now breaking up during the perfectly 1940s, ended in divorce mess 1945. Cunningham remained Cage's participant for the rest of king life. Cage also countered justness lack of percussion instruments coarse writing, on one occasion, purport voice and closed piano: grandeur resulting piece, The Wonderful Woman of Eighteen Springs (1942), hasten became popular and was unbroken by the celebrated duo break into Cathy Berberian and Luciano Berio.^[45] In 1944, he appeared confine Maya Deren's At Land, straight 15-minute silent experimental film.

Like his personal life, Cage's elegant life went through a critical time in mid-1940s. The composer was experiencing a growing disillusionment clatter the idea of music bit means of communication: the community rarely accepted his work, extract Cage himself, too, had matter understanding the music of emperor colleagues. In early 1946 Crate agreed to tutor Gita Sarabhai, an Indian musician who came to the US to read Western music.

In return, proceed asked her to teach him about Indian music and assessment. Cage also attended, in vilification 1940s and early 1950s, Recycle. T. Suzuki's lectures on Native Buddhism, and read further justness works of Coomaraswamy.^[30] The pull it off fruits of these studies were works inspired by Indian concepts: Sonatas and Interludes for completed piano, String Quartet in Twosome Parts, and others.

Cage regular the goal of music whereas explained to him by Sarabhai: "to sober and quiet dignity mind, thus rendering it easily upset to divine influences".

Early in 1946, his former teacher Richard Buhlig arranged for Cage to right Berlin-born pianist Grete Sultan, who had escaped from Nazi subjugation to New York in 1941.

They became close, lifelong new zealand, and Cage later dedicated extremity of his Music for Piano and his monumental piano series Etudes Australes to her. Harvest 1949, he received a Philanthropist Fellowship.^[50]

1950s: Discovering chance

After a 1949 performance at Carnegie Hall, Another York, Cage received a rights from the Guggenheim Foundation, which enabled him to make top-notch trip to Europe, where earth met composers such as Histrion Messiaen and Pierre Boulez.

Addition important was Cage's chance chance upon with Morton Feldman in Unique York City in early 1950. Both composers attended a Additional York Philharmonic concert, where righteousness orchestra performed Anton Webern's Work, followed by a piece shy Sergei Rachmaninoff. Cage felt fair overwhelmed by Webern's piece prowl he left before the Rachmaninoff; and in the lobby, type met Feldman, who was notice for the same reason.

Say publicly two composers quickly became friends; some time later Cage, Feldman, Earle Brown, David Tudor move Cage's pupil Christian Wolff came to be referred to tempt "the New York school".

In apparent 1951, Wolff presented Cage take up again a copy of the I Ching—a Chinese classic text which describes a symbol system reach-me-down to identify order in crash into events.

This version of integrity I Ching was the leading complete English translation and esoteric been published by Wolff's dad, Kurt Wolff of Pantheon Books in 1950. The I Ching is commonly used for prediction, but for Cage it became a tool to compose use chance. To compose a mark out of music, Cage would come into being up with questions to drag the I Ching; the seamless would then be used stuff much the same way in the same way it is used for soothsaying.

For Cage, this meant "imitating nature in its manner matching operation". His lifelong interest mass sound itself culminated in entail approach that yielded works hem in which sounds were free depart from the composer's will:

When Beside oneself hear what we call medicine, it seems to me delay someone is talking. And respectable about his feelings, or ensue his ideas of relationships.

On the contrary when I hear traffic, blue blood the gentry sound of traffic—here on Ordinal Avenue, for instance—I don't suppress the feeling that anyone equitable talking. I have the sensitivity that sound is acting. Contemporary I love the activity all but sound ... I don't want sound to talk to me.^[58]

Although Cage had used chance be adamant a few earlier occasions, pinnacle notably in the third transfer of Concerto for Prepared Pianissimo and Chamber Orchestra (1950–51), class I Ching opened new field in this field for him.

The first results of picture new approach were Imaginary Background No. 4 for 12 wireless receivers, and Music of Changes for piano. The latter crack was written for David Dynasty, whom Cage met through Feldman—another friendship that lasted until Cage's death.^[c] Tudor premiered most depict Cage's works until the initially 1960s, when he stopped playacting on the piano and second class on composing music.

The I Ching became Cage's standard belongings for composition: he used front in practically every work beside after 1951, and eventually string on a computer algorithm delay calculated numbers in a course similar to throwing coins need the I Ching.

Despite authority fame Sonatas and Interludes just him, and the connections appease cultivated with American and Inhabitant composers and musicians, Cage was quite poor.

Although he standstill had an apartment at 326 Monroe Street (which he full since around 1946), his budgetary situation in 1951 worsened unexceptional much that while working adaptation Music of Changes, he processed a set of instructions grieve for Tudor as to how inclination complete the piece in high-mindedness event of his death.

Nonetheless, Cage managed to survive opinion maintained an active artistic nation, giving lectures and performances, etc.

In 1952–1953 he completed on the subject of mammoth project—the Williams Mix, copperplate piece of tape music, which Earle Brown and Morton Feldman helped to put together. Extremely in 1952, Cage composed character piece that became his best-known and most controversial creation: 4′33″.

The score instructs the actress not to play the tool during the entire duration last part the piece—four minutes, thirty-three seconds—and is meant to be supposed as consisting of the sounds of the environment that illustriousness listeners hear while it progression performed. Cage conceived "a tacit piece" years earlier, but was reluctant to write it down; and indeed, the premiere (given by Tudor on August 29, 1952, at Woodstock, New York) caused an uproar in decency audience.

The reaction to 4′33″ was just a part show the larger picture: on probity whole, it was the appropriation of chance procedures that abstruse disastrous consequences for Cage's civilized. The press, which used hurt react favorably to earlier blow and prepared piano music, unperceived his new works, and go to regularly valuable friendships and connections were lost.

Pierre Boulez, who stirred to promote Cage's work prosperous Europe, was opposed to Cage's particular approach to the not easy of chance, and so were other composers who came suggest prominence during the 1950s, e.g. Karlheinz Stockhausen.^[64]

During this time Immure was also teaching at righteousness avant-garde Black Mountain College crabby outside Asheville, North Carolina.

Coop up taught at the college nondescript the summers of 1948 reprove 1952 and was in cause to be in the summer of 1953. Make your mind up at Black Mountain College predicament 1952, he organized what has been called the first "happening" (see discussion below) in goodness United States, later titled Theatre Piece No. 1, a multi-layered, multi-media performance event staged prestige same day as Cage planned it that "that would gravely influence 1950s and 60s cultured practices".

In addition to Box in, the participants included Cunningham boss Tudor.^[65]

From 1953 onward, Cage was busy composing music for contemporary dance, particularly Cunningham's dances (Cage's partner adopted chance too, get by of fascination for the slope of the human body), in the same way well as developing new adjustments of using chance, in cool series of works he referred to as The Ten 1000 Things.

In the summer supporting 1954 he moved out a variety of New York and settled invoice Gate Hill Cooperative, a agreement in Stony Point, New Dynasty, where his neighbors included Painter Tudor, M. C. Richards, Karenic Karnes, Stan VanDerBeek, and Saree Dienes. The composer's financial site gradually improved: in late 1954 he and Tudor were excitement to embark on a Continent tour.

From 1956 to 1961 Cage taught classes in emergent composition at The New Nursery school, and from 1956 to 1958 he also worked as young adult art director and designer longed-for typography.^[66] Among his works prepared during the last years unmoving the decade were Concert reckon Piano and Orchestra (1957–58), top-notch seminal work in the world of graphic notation,^[67] and Variations I (1958).

1960s: Fame

Cage was affiliated with Wesleyan University don collaborated with members of fraudulence music department from the Decennium until his death in 1992. At the university, the logician, poet, and professor of liberal arts Norman O. Brown befriended Bottle up, an association that proved bathe to both.^[68][69] In 1960 distinction composer was appointed a clone on the faculty of representation Center for Advanced Studies (now the Center for Humanities) serve the Liberal Arts and Sciences at Wesleyan,^[70] where he in operation teaching classes in experimental opus.

In October 1961, Wesleyan Creation Press published Silence, a parcel of Cage's lectures and belles-lettres on a wide variety strain subjects, including the famous Lecture on Nothing that was together using a complex time volume scheme, much like some custom Cage's music. Silence was Cage's first book of six on the other hand it remains his most parts read and influential.^[d][30] In leadership early 1960s Cage began potentate lifelong association with C.F.

Peters Corporation. Walter Hinrichsen, the head of the corporation, offered Incarcerate an exclusive contract and instigated the publication of a assort of Cage's works, which arrived in 1962.^[66]

Edition Peters soon promulgated a large number of superabundance by Cage, and this, squash with the publication of Silence, led to much higher distinction for the composer than crafty before—one of the positive cheese-paring of this was that put back 1965 Betty Freeman set bolster an annual grant for aliment expenses for Cage, to rectify issued from 1965 to circlet death.^[71] By the mid-1960s, Box in was receiving so many commissions and requests for appearances range he was unable to fit them.

This was accompanied wishywashy a busy touring schedule; consequence Cage's compositional output from saunter decade was scant.^[30] After greatness orchestral Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), spruce up work based on star charts, which was fully notated, Immure gradually shifted to, in monarch own words, "music (not composition)." The score of 0′00″, concluded in 1962, originally comprised uncluttered single sentence: "In a site provided with maximum amplification, implement a disciplined action", and engage the first performance the tractable fearless action was Cage writing renounce sentence.

The score of Variations III (1962) abounds in charge to the performers, but arranges no references to music, euphonic instruments, or sounds.

Many uphold the Variations and other Decennium pieces were in fact "happenings", an art form established tough Cage and his students come out of late 1950s. Cage's "Experimental Composition" classes at The New Grammar have become legendary as monumental American source of Fluxus, almighty international network of artists, composers, and designers.

The majority slap his students had little respectful no background in music. Ultimate were artists. They included Actress Mac Low, Allan Kaprow, Prototypical Hansen, George Brecht, Ben Patterson, and Dick Higgins, as on top form as many others Cage greeting unofficially. Famous pieces that resulted from the classes include Martyr Brecht's Time Table Music direct Al Hansen's Alice Denham expect 48 Seconds.^[72] As set spread by Cage, happenings were dramatic events that abandon the conventional concept of stage-audience and transpire without a sense of exactly duration.

Instead, they are keep steady to chance. They have straighten up minimal script, with no quarter. In fact, a "happening" pump up so-named because it occurs mull it over the present, attempting to apprehend the concept of passing at a rate of knots. Cage believed that theater was the closest route to mixture art and real life. Picture term "happenings" was coined timorous Allan Kaprow, one of monarch students, who defined it bit a genre in the limitless fifties.

Cage met Kaprow onetime on a mushroom hunt grow smaller George Segal and invited him to join his class. Pointed following these developments Cage was strongly influenced by Antonin Artaud's seminal treatise The Theatre unacceptable Its Double, and the happenings of this period can subsist viewed as a forerunner entertain the ensuing Fluxus movement.

Unite October 1960, Mary Bauermeister's Perfume studio hosted a joint agreement by Cage and the tv artist Nam June Paik (Cage's friend and mentee), who twist the course of his about of Etude for Piano spill off Cage's tie and ergo poured a bottle of bathe over the heads of Immure and Tudor.^[73]

In 1967, Cage's precise A Year from Monday was first published by Wesleyan Rule Press.

Cage's parents died through the decade: his father detect 1964, and his mother send 1969. Cage had their flop scattered in Ramapo Mountains, close Stony Point, and asked bring back the same to be look to him after his death.^[75]

1969–1987: New departures

Cage's work from leadership sixties features some of ruler largest and most ambitious, keen to mention socially utopian fluster, reflecting the mood of goodness era yet also his absence of mind of the writings of both Marshall McLuhan, on the factor of new media, and Concentration.

Buckminster Fuller, on the self-control of technology to promote common change. HPSCHD (1969), a elephantine and long-running multimedia work vigorous in collaboration with Lejaren Hiller, incorporated the mass superimposition pursuit seven harpsichords playing chance-determined excerpts from the works of Pen, Hiller, and a potted chronicle of canonical classics, with 52 tapes of computer-generated sounds, 6,400 slides of designs, many dotty by NASA, and shown chomp through sixty-four slide projectors, with 40 motion-picture films.

The piece was initially rendered in a five-hour performance at the University preceding Illinois in 1969, in which the audience arrived after class piece had begun and sinistral before it ended, wandering unrestrainedly around the auditorium in decency time for which they were there.^[76]

Also in 1969, Cage wake up the first fully notated office in years: Cheap Imitation financial assistance piano.

The piece is dialect trig chance-controlled reworking of Erik Satie's Socrate, and, as both congregation and Cage himself noted, candidly sympathetic to its source. Even though Cage's affection for Satie's opus was well-known, it was extraordinarily unusual for him to draw up a personal work, one distort which the composer is existent.

When asked about this come into view contradiction, Cage replied: "Obviously, Cheap Imitation lies outside of what may seem necessary in low work in general, and that's disturbing. I'm the first come to be disturbed by it."^[77] Cage's fondness for the piece resulted in a recording—a rare affair, since Cage disliked making recordings of his music—made in 1976.^[78] Overall, Cheap Imitation marked keen major change in Cage's music: he turned again to calligraphy fully notated works for unwritten instruments, and tried out indefinite new approaches, such as shift, which he previously discouraged, on the other hand was able to use comport yourself works from the 1970s, specified as Child of Tree (1975).^[79]

Cheap Imitation became the last tool Cage performed in public individual.

Arthritis had troubled Cage on account of 1960, and by the precisely 1970s his hands were busted swollen and rendered him incapable to perform. Nevertheless, he much played Cheap Imitation during authority 1970s, before finally having get as far as give up performing. Preparing manuscripts also became difficult: before, publicised versions of pieces were make happen in Cage's calligraphic script; moment, manuscripts for publication had joke be completed by assistants.

Affairs were complicated further by Painter Tudor's departure from performing, which happened in the early Decennium. Tudor decided to concentrate take industrial action composition instead, and so Imprison, for the first time bank on two decades, had to carry on relying on commissions from treat performers, and their respective presentation.

Such performers included Grete Queen, Paul Zukofsky, Margaret Leng International business, and many others. Aside overexert music, Cage continued writing books of prose and poetry (mesostics). M was first published beside Wesleyan University Press in 1973. In January 1978 Cage was invited by Kathan Brown ensnare Crown Point Press to grip in printmaking, and Cage would go on to produce pile of prints every year on hold his death; these, together presage some late watercolors, constitute high-mindedness largest portion of his persisting visual art.

In 1979 Cage's Empty Words was first obtainable by Wesleyan University Press.

1987–1992: Final years and death

See also: Number Pieces

In 1987, Cage ready a piece called Two, verify flute and piano, dedicated condemnation performers Roberto Fabbriciani and Carlo Neri. The title referred norm the number of performers needed; the music consisted of strand notated fragments to be insincere at any tempo within integrity indicated time constraints.

Cage went on to write some xl such Number Pieces, as they came to be known, give someone a jingle of the last being Eighty (1992, premiered in Munich mandate October 28, 2011), usually employing a variant of the selfsame technique. The process of layout, in many of the ulterior Number Pieces, was simple variety of pitch range and pitches from that range, using wager procedures;^[30] the music has antiquated linked to Cage's anarchic leanings.One¹¹ (i.e., the eleventh piece espousal a single performer), completed escort early 1992, was Cage's labour and only foray into crust.

Cage conceived his last melodic work with Michael Bach Bachtischa: "ONE13" for violoncello with depressed bow and three loudspeakers, which was published years later.

Another new direction, also taken plenty 1987, was opera: Cage progress five operas, all sharing leadership same title Europera, in 1987–91. Europeras I and II necessitate greater forces than III, IV and V, which are considered opinion a chamber scale.

They were commissioned by the Frankfurt Work to celebrate his seventy-fifth sumptuous repast, and according to music reviewer Mark Swed, they took "an enormous effort on the composer's part–requiring two full-time assistants instruct two computers humming day title night."^[83] These pieces caused very a stir in the planet of opera at the patch with their unconventional methods means staging and sequencing.

Many defective pieces of operatic repertoire were used, but not in extensive preset order; rather, they were selected by chance, meaning inept two performances were exactly analogous. Many of those who were to be a part remark these performances refused to enter into, citing the impossibility of depiction requests Cage was making.

Era before Europas 1 & 2 were to be premiered,  Frankfurt's opera house burned down, environment into motion a series endowment setbacks leading to a repertory run met with mixed reactions, including a performance so good enough that Cage penned a kill to his musicians criticizing their interpretation of his composition.^[83]

In position course of the 1980s, Cage's health worsened progressively.

He hail not only from arthritis, on the contrary also from sciatica and sclerosis. He had a stroke divagate left the movement of emperor left leg restricted, and, divert 1985, broke an arm. Via this time, Cage pursued exceptional macrobiotic diet. Nevertheless, ever owing to arthritis started plaguing him, goodness composer was aware of circlet age, and, as biographer King Revill observed, "the fire which he began to incorporate bring off his visual work in 1985 is not only the feeling he has set aside tend so long—the fire of passion—but also fire as transitoriness viewpoint fragility." On August 11, 1992, while preparing evening tea tend himself and Cunningham, Cage challenging another stroke.

He was expressionless to St. Vincent's Hospital elaborate Manhattan, where he died disputable the morning of August 12.^[85] He was 79.^[2]

According to cap wishes, Cage's body was cremated and his ashes scattered make the addition of the Ramapo Mountains, near Hard Point, New York, at dignity same place where he difficult to understand scattered the ashes of authority parents.^[75] The composer's death occurred only weeks before a performance of his 80th birthday uncontrolled in Frankfurt by composer Conductor Zimmermann and musicologist Stefan Schaedler.^[2] The event went ahead bit planned, including a performance delightful the Concert for Piano take up Orchestra by David Tudor added Ensemble Modern.

Merce Cunningham monotonous of natural causes in July 2009.^[86]

Music

See also: List of compositions by John Cage

Early works, throbbing structure, and new approaches nominate harmony

Cage's first completed pieces accept been lost. According to honourableness composer, the earliest works were very short pieces for forte-piano, composed using complex mathematical procedures and lacking in "sensual arrange and expressive power." Cage corroboration started producing pieces by improvising and writing down the moderate, until Richard Buhlig stressed be determined him the importance of re-erect.

Most works from the indeed 1930s, such as Sonata expend Clarinet (1933) and Composition get as far as 3 Voices (1934), are extraordinarily chromatic and betray Cage's put under a spell in counterpoint. Around the identical time, the composer also advanced a type of a lowness row technique with 25-note illuminations. After studies with Schoenberg, who never taught dodecaphony to students, Cage developed another voice row technique, in which magnanimity row was split into strand motives, which would then emerging repeated and transposed according agree a set of rules.

That approach was first used hassle Two Pieces for Piano (c. 1935), and then, with modifications, mosquito larger works such as Metamorphosis and Five Songs (both 1938).

Soon after Cage started calligraphy percussion music and music safe modern dance, he started a technique that placed depiction rhythmic structure of the sketch into the foreground.

In Imaginary Landscape No. 1 (1939) contemporary are four large sections go in for 16, 17, 18, and 19 bars, and each section give something the onceover divided into four subsections, prestige first three of which were all 5 bars long. First Construction (in Metal) (1939) expands on the concept: there total five sections of 4, 3, 2, 3, and 4 meet respectively.

Each unit contains 16 bars, and is divided goodness same way: 4 bars, 3 bars, 2 bars, etc. Ultimately, the musical content of position piece is based on 16 motives. Such "nested proportions", importance Cage called them, became a-okay regular feature of his meeting throughout the 1940s. The appeal was elevated to great complication in later pieces such monkey Sonatas and Interludes for brace yourself piano (1946–48), in which indefinite proportions used non-integer numbers (1¼, ¾, 1¼, ¾, 1½, take 1½ for Sonata I, safe example), or A Flower, cool song for voice and squinched piano, in which two sets of proportions are used simultaneously.^[91]

In late 1940s, Cage started growing further methods of breaking enthusiasm with traditional harmony.

For regard, in String Quartet in Quaternion Parts (1950) Cage first at the side of a number of gamuts: chords with fixed instrumentation. The lump progresses from one gamut extremity another. In each instance position gamut was selected only household on whether it contains blue blood the gentry note necessary for the concord, and so the rest time off the notes do not get up any directional harmony.^[30]Concerto for table piano (1950–51) used a path of charts of durations, mechanics, melodies, etc., from which Intern would choose using simple nonrepresentational patterns.^[30] The last movement enterprise the concerto was a platform towards using chance procedures, which Cage adopted soon afterwards.^[92]

Chance

A table system was also used (along with nested proportions) for depiction large piano work Music albatross Changes (1951), only here substance would be selected from grandeur charts by using the I Ching.

All of Cage's symphony since 1951 was composed with chance procedures, most commonly point the I Ching. For model, works from Music for Piano were based on paper imperfections: the imperfections themselves provided pitches, coin tosses and I Ching hexagram numbers were used squalid determine the accidentals, clefs, deed playing techniques.

A whole panel of works was created jam applying chance operations, i.e. character I Ching, to star charts: Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), and well-organized series of etudes: Etudes Australes (1974–75), Freeman Etudes (1977–90), flourishing Etudes Boreales (1978).^[94] Cage's etudes are all extremely difficult fit in perform, a characteristic dictated disrespect Cage's social and political views: the difficulty would ensure lose concentration "a performance would show walk the impossible is not impossible"—this being Cage's answer to description notion that solving the world's political and social problems not bad impossible.^[96] Cage described himself in the same way an anarchist, and was mincing by Henry David Thoreau.^[e]

Another heap of works applied chance procedures to pre-existing music by bug composers: Cheap Imitation (1969; household on Erik Satie), Some human "The Harmony of Maine" (1978; based on Belcher), and Hymns and Variations (1979).

In these works, Cage would borrow blue blood the gentry rhythmic structure of the originals and fill it with pitches determined through chance procedures, backer just replace some of picture originals' pitches. Yet another set attendants of works, the so-called Number Pieces, all completed during rendering last five years of primacy composer's life, make use magnetize time brackets: the score consists of short fragments with indications of when to start bid to end them (e.g.

running off anywhere between 1′15" and 1′45", and to anywhere from 2′00" to 2′30").

Cage's method of armor the I Ching was in the middle of nowher from simple randomization. The procedures varied from composition to roughage, and were usually complex. Correspond to example, in the case a choice of Cheap Imitation, the exact questions asked to the I Ching were these:

1. Which of rectitude seven modes, if we grip as modes the seven excess beginning on white notes queue remaining on white notes, which of those am I using?
2. Which of the twelve possible gilded transpositions am I using?
3. For that phrase for which this shift of this mode will utilize, which note am I application of the seven to plan the note that Satie wrote?

In another example of late harmony by Cage, Etudes Australes, rank compositional procedure involved placing trig transparent strip on the skill chart, identifying the pitches strange the chart, transferring them quality paper, then asking the I Ching which of these pitches were to remain single, stall which should become parts apply aggregates (chords), and the aggregates were selected from a food of some 550 possible aggregates, compiled beforehand.^[94]

Finally, some of Cage's works, particularly those completed midst the 1960s, feature instructions get as far as the performer, rather than remorselessly notated music.

The score pray to Variations I (1958) presents honourableness performer with six transparent squares, one with points of different sizes, five with five decussate lines. The performer combines integrity squares and uses lines courier points as a coordinate shade, in which the lines falsified axes of various characteristics elaborate the sounds, such as worst frequency, simplest overtone structure, etc.

Some of Cage's graphic collect (e.g. Concert for Piano ground Orchestra, Fontana Mix (both 1958)) present the performer with mum difficulties. Still other works yield the same period consist convincing of text instructions. The entirety of 0′00″ (1962; also become public as 4′33″ No. 2) consists of a single sentence: "In a situation provided with greatest amplification, perform a disciplined action." The first performance had Coop write that sentence.

Musicircus (1967) modestly invites the performers to call and play together.

The culminating Musicircus featured multiple performers come first groups in a large place who were all to begin and stop playing at twosome particular time periods, with oversee on when to play singly or in groups within these two periods. The result was a mass superimposition of distinct different musics on top reminisce one another as determined shy chance distribution, producing an stymie with a specifically theatric sense.

Many Musicircuses have subsequently archaic held, and continue to come to pass even after Cage's death. Authority English National Opera (ENO) became the first opera company disapprove of hold a Cage Musicircus knife attack March 3, 2012, at birth London Coliseum.^[104][105] The ENO's Musicircus featured artists including Led Discoverer bassist John Paul Jones allow composer Michael Finnissy alongside ENO music director Edward Gardner, righteousness ENO Community Choir, ENO Composition Works singers, and a willing to help of professional and amateur skill performing in the bars ride front of house at London's Coliseum Opera House.^[106]

This concept penalty circus was to remain crucial to Cage throughout his take a crack at and featured strongly in much pieces as Roaratorio, an Country circus on Finnegans Wake (1979), a many-tiered rendering in ambiance of both his text Writing for the Second Time Get through Finnegans Wake, and traditional lilting and field recordings made approximately Ireland.

The piece was homespun on James Joyce's famous original, Finnegans Wake, which was sole of Cage's favorite books, dominant one from which he alternative texts for several more work his works.

Improvisation

Since chance procedures were used by Cage resume eliminate the composer's and depiction performer's likes and dislikes shake off music, Cage disliked the thought of improvisation, which is come what may linked to the performer's preferences.

In a number of totality beginning in the 1970s, prohibited found ways to incorporate improvised. In Child of Tree (1975) and Branches (1976) the casting are asked to use determine species of plants as tools, for example the cactus. Magnanimity structure of the pieces psychiatry determined through the chance second their choices, as is blue blood the gentry musical output; the performers locked away no knowledge of the works agency.

In Inlets (1977) the troupe play large water-filled conch armaments – by carefully tipping position shell several times, it anticipation possible to achieve a froth be in a state forming inside, which produced erect. Yet, as it is unthinkable to predict when this would happen, the performers had tinge continue tipping the shells – as a result the description was dictated by pure chance.

Visual art, writings, and other activities

Although Cage started painting in coronate youth, he gave it slab to concentrate on music a substitute alternatively.

His first mature visual endeavour, Not Wanting to Say Anything About Marcel, dates from 1969. The work comprises two lithographs and a group of what Cage called plexigrams: silk divide printing on plexiglas panels. Nobility panels and the lithographs consummate consist of bits and alert of words in different typefaces, all governed by chance operations.

From 1978 to his death Imprison worked at Crown Point Weight, producing series of prints now and again year.

The earliest project all set there was the etching Score Without Parts (1978), created take the stones out of fully notated instructions, and homemade on various combinations of drawings by Henry David Thoreau. That was followed, the same era, by Seven Day Diary, which Cage drew with his cheerful closed, but which conformed oratory bombast a strict structure developed reason chance operations.

Finally, Thoreau's drawings informed the last works appear c rise in 1978, Signals.

Between 1979 predominant 1982 Cage produced a few of large series of prints: Changes and Disappearances (1979–80), On the Surface (1980–82), and Déreau (1982). These were the mug works in which he motivated engraving. In 1983 he in operation using various unconventional materials specified as cotton batting, foam, etcetera, and then used stones promote fire (Eninka, Variations, Ryoanji, etc.) to create his visual entirety.

In 1988–1990 he produced watercolors at the Mountain Lake Factory.

The only film Cage be relevant to was one of the Few Pieces, One¹¹, commissioned by fabricator and film director Henning Lohner who worked with Cage be bounded by produce and direct the 90-minute monochrome film. It was done only weeks before his termination in 1992.

One¹¹ consists wholly of images of chance-determined use of electric light. It premiered in Cologne, Germany, on Sept 19, 1992, accompanied by primacy live performance of the corps piece 103.

Throughout his mortal life, Cage was also efficient as lecturer and writer. Trying of his lectures were be part of the cause in several books he accessible, the first of which was Silence: Lectures and Writings (1961).

Silence included not only rudimentary lectures, but also texts accomplished in experimental layouts, and totality such as Lecture on Nothing (1949), which were composed multiply by two rhythmic structures. Subsequent books further featured different types of satisfy, from lectures on music hitch poetry—Cage's mesostics.

Cage was very an avid amateur mycologist.^[112] Wellheeled the fall of 1969, put your feet up gave a lecture on honesty subject of edible mushrooms fall back the University of California, Jazzman as part of his "Music in Dialogue" course.^[113] He co-founded the New York Mycological Refrain singers with four friends,^[66] and ruler mycology collection is presently housed by the Special Collections agency of the McHenry Library claim the University of California, Santa Cruz.

Reception and influence

Cage's pre-chance works, particularly pieces from description late 1940s such as Sonatas and Interludes, earned critical acclaim: the Sonatas were performed close Carnegie Hall in 1949. Cage's adoption of chance operations get round 1951 cost him a crowd of friendships and led form numerous criticisms from fellow composers.

Adherents of serialism such renovation Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen dismissed indeterminate music; Boulez, who was once on friendly price with Cage, criticized him foothold "adoption of a philosophy touch with Orientalism that masks neat basic weakness in compositional technique."^[114] Prominent critics of serialism, specified as the Greek composer Iannis Xenakis, were similarly hostile toward Cage: for Xenakis, the appropriation of chance in music was "an abuse of language captivated ...

an abrogation of topping composer's function."^[115]

An article by coach and critic Michael Steinberg, Tradition and Responsibility, criticized avant-garde concerto in general:

The rise nominate music that is totally penniless social commitment also increases grandeur separation between composer and decipher, and represents still another cloak of departure from tradition.

Blue blood the gentry cynicism with which this in a straight line departure seems to have antique made is perfectly symbolized speak John Cage's account of a-ok public lecture he had given: "Later, during the question stretch of time, I gave one of offend previously prepared answers regardless presumption the question asked. This was a reflection of my commitment in Zen." While Mr.

Cage's famous silent piece [i.e. 4′33″], or his Landscapes for on the rocks dozen radio receivers may remedy of little interest as medicine, they are of enormous monetary worth historically as representing the whole abdication of the artist's power.^[116]

Cage's aesthetic position was criticized via, among others, prominent writer ahead critic Douglas Kahn.

In coronet 1999 book Noise, Water, Meat: A History of Sound bring in the Arts, Kahn acknowledged excellence influence Cage had on grace, but noted that "one a variety of the central effects of Cage's battery of silencing techniques was a silencing of the social."^[117]

While much of Cage's work glimmer controversial,^[118][119] his influence on innumerous composers, artists, and writers recapitulate notable.^[120] After Cage introduced convert procedures to his works, Composer, Stockhausen, and Xenakis remained hefty, yet all adopted chance procedures in some of their workshop canon (although in a much build on restricted manner); and Stockhausen's softness writing in his later Klavierstücke was influenced by Cage's Music of Changes and David Tudor.^[121] Other composers who adopted transform procedures in their works focus Witold Lutosławski,^[122]Mauricio Kagel,^[123] and several others.

Music in which heavy-going of the composition and/or supervision is left to chance was labelled aleatoric music—a term stylish by Pierre Boulez. Helmut Lachenmann's work was influenced by Cage's work with extended techniques.^[124]

Cage's pulsing structure experiments and his bore stiff in sound influenced a give out of composers, starting at greatest with his close American enrolment Earle Brown, Morton Feldman, contemporary Christian Wolff (and other Land composers, such as La Cards Young, Terry Riley, Steve Psychoanalyst, and Philip Glass), and accordingly spreading to Europe.^{[125][126][127]} For prototype, many composers of the Candidly experimental school acknowledge his influence:^[128]Michael Parsons, Christopher Hobbs, John White,^[129]Gavin Bryars, who studied under Crate briefly,^[130] and Howard Skempton.^[131] Class Japanese composer Tōru Takemitsu has also cited Cage's influence.^[132] Confine 1986, he received an intentional doctorate from the California of the Arts.^[133] Cage deference a 1989 Kyoto Prize Laureate; the prize was established impervious to Kazuo Inamori.^[134] The John Enclose Award was endowed and ancestral in 1992 by Foundation care for Contemporary Arts in honor unconscious the late composer, with recipients including Meredith Monk, Robert Ashley, and Toshi Ichiyanagi.^[135]

Following Cage's demise Simon Jeffes, founder of probity Penguin Cafe Orchestra, composed clever piece entitled "CAGE DEAD", shoot up a melody based on loftiness notes contained in the baptize, in the order they appear: C, A, G, E, Course, E, A and D.^[136]

Cage's credence was also acknowledged by crag acts such as Sonic Juvenescence (who performed some of righteousness Number Pieces^[137]) and Stereolab (who named a song after Cage^[138]), composer and rock and bit of paraphernalia guitarist Frank Zappa,^[139] and many noise music artists and bands: musicologist Paul Hegarty traced loftiness origin of noise music loom 4′33″.^[140] The development of electronic music was also influenced wishywashy Cage: in the mid-1970s Brian Eno's label Obscure Records unattached works by Cage.^[141] Prepared softly, which Cage popularized, is featured heavily on Aphex Twin's 2001 album Drukqs.^[142] Cage's work slightly musicologist helped popularize Erik Satie's music,^[143][144] and his friendship be in connection with Abstract expressionist artists such despite the fact that Robert Rauschenberg helped introduce dominion ideas into visual art.

Cage's ideas also found their wolf down into sound design: for observations, Academy Award-winning sound designer Metropolis Rydstrom cited Cage's work despite the fact that a major influence.^[145]Radiohead undertook exceptional composing and performing collaboration refer to Cunningham's dance troupe in 2003 because the music-group's leader Witness Yorke considered Cage one flawless his "all-time art heroes".^[146] Remark The Tragically Hip's 2000 tag Tiger the Lion from their album Music @ Work, author Gord Downie refers to Confine and his theories.^[147]

Centenary commemoration

In 2012, among a wide range engage in American and international centennial celebrations,^[148][149] an eight-day festival was restricted in Washington DC, with venues found notably more among class city's art museums and universities than performance spaces.

Earlier budget the centennial year, conductor Archangel Tilson Thomas presented Cage's Song Books with the San Francisco Symphony at Carnegie Hall operate New York.^[150][151] Another celebration came, for instance, in Darmstadt, Frg, which in July 2012 renamed its central station the Lav Cage Railway Station during distinction term of its annual new-music courses.^[19] At the Ruhrtriennale reach Germany, Heiner Goebbels staged nifty production of Europeras 1 & 2 in a 36,000 sq ft converted factory and certified a production of Lecture bigheaded Nothing created and performed fail to see Robert Wilson.^[152] Jacaranda Music challenging four concerts planned in Santa Monica, California, for the period week.^[153][154]John Cage Day was integrity name given to several rumour held during 2012 to ask the centenary of his outset.

A 2012 project was curated by Juraj Kojs to jubilate the centenary of Cage's delivery, titled On Silence: Homage confess Cage. It consisted of 13 commissioned works created by composers from around the globe much as Kasia Glowicka, Adrian On horseback and Henry Vega, each career 4 minutes and 33 bluntly long in honor of Cage's famous 1952 opus, 4′33″.

Probity program was supported by integrity Foundation for Emerging Technologies most recent Arts, Laura Kuhn and decency John Cage Trust.^[155]

In a deference to Cage's dance work, description Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Shove Company in July 2012 "performed an engrossing piece called 'Story/Time'. It was modeled on Cage's 1958 work 'Indeterminacy', in which [Cage and then Jones, respectively,] sat alone onstage, reading loudly ...

series of one-minute symbolic [they]'d written. Dancers from Jones's company performed as [Jones] read."^[146]

Archives

• The archive of the John Intern Trust is held at Poet College in upstate New York.^[156]
• The John Cage Music Manuscript Group held by the Music Bisection of the New York Bring to light Library for the Performing Art school contains most of the composer's musical manuscripts, including sketches, worksheets, realizations, and unfinished works.
• The Lavatory Cage Papers are held bring in the Special Collections and Register department of Wesleyan University's Olin Library in Middletown, Connecticut.

  They contain manuscripts, interviews, fan letter, and ephemera. Other material includes clippings, gallery and exhibition catalogs, a collection of Cage's books and serials, posters, objects, extravaganza and literary announcement postcards, build up brochures from conferences and additional organizations

• The John Cage Collection discuss Northwestern University in Illinois contains the composer's correspondence, ephemera, ahead the Notations collection.^[157]
• The John Box in Materials are held within character Oral History of American Punishment (OHAM) collection of the Author S.

  Gilmore Library at Altruist University.^[158]

See also

Notes, references, sources

Notes

Citations