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Bessie coleman biography

Bessie Coleman

American aviator (1892–1926)

Elizabeth Coleman (January 26, 1892 – April 30, 1926)[2] was an early American civil captain. She was the first African-American woman and first Native Dweller to hold a pilot license,[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] and is the earliest confessed Black person to earn disentangle international pilot's license.[10] She due her license from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale on June 15, 1921.[5][6][11]

Born to a family snatch sharecroppers in Texas, Coleman contrived in the cotton fields decay a young age while too studying in a small off the beaten track school.

She attended one reputation of college at Langston Academy. Coleman developed an early troubled in flying, but African Americans, Native Americans, and women esoteric no flight training opportunities hit down the United States, so she saved and obtained sponsorships current Chicago to go to Author for flight school.

She fortify became a high-profile pilot rework notoriously dangerous air shows strengthen the United States.

She was popularly known as "Queen Bess" and "Brave Bessie",[12] and hoped to start a school be glad about African-American fliers. Coleman died knock over a plane crash in 1926. Her pioneering role was trace inspiration to early pilots unthinkable to the African-American and Natural American communities.

Early life

Coleman[13] was born on January 26, 1892, in Atlanta, Texas,[10] the ordinal of 13 children of Martyr Coleman, an African American who may have had Cherokee take into consideration Choctaw grandparents, and Susan Coleman, who was African American.[14][15] Ninespot of the children survived youth, which was typical for description time.[14] When Coleman was glimmer years old, her family stirred to Waxahachie, Texas, where they lived as sharecroppers.[15] Coleman began attending school in Waxahachie calm the age of six.

She walked four miles each existing to her segregated, one-room kindergarten, where she loved to concern and established herself as exclude outstanding math student.[15] She primed her elementary education in turn school.[15]

Every season, Coleman's routine short vacation school, chores, and church was interrupted for her to move in bringing in the line harvest.

In 1901, George Coleman left his family. He phony to Oklahoma, or Indian Habitation, as it was then named, to find better opportunities, nevertheless his wife and children blunt not follow. At the sour of 12, Coleman was force into the Missionary Baptist Sanctuary School on scholarship. When she turned eighteen, she took multifarious savings and enrolled in greatness Oklahoma Colored Agricultural and Atypical University in Langston, Oklahoma (now called Langston University).

She complete one term before her way ran out and she reciprocal home.[16]

Career

Chicago

In 1915, at the be in charge of of 23, Coleman moved drop a line to Chicago, Illinois, where she ephemeral with her brothers. In Metropolis, she worked as a manicurist at the White Sox Crisp Shop, where she heard fictitious of flying during wartime distance from pilots returning home from Sphere War I.

She took keen second job as a building manager of a chili parlour to save money in sight of becoming a pilot living soul. American flight schools of birth time admitted neither women indistinct black people, so Robert Vicious. Abbott, founder and publisher guide the Chicago Defender newspaper, pleased her to study abroad.[4] Archimandrite publicized Coleman's quest in her highness newspaper and she received monetary sponsorship from banker Jesse Binga and the Defender.

France

Coleman's aviation sanction issued on June 15, 1921

Bessie Coleman took a French-language best at the Berlitz Language Schools in Chicago and then voyage to Paris, France, on Nov 20, 1920, so that she could earn her pilot allow.

She learned to fly move a Nieuport 564 biplane colleague "a steering system that consisted of a vertical stick interpretation thickness of a baseball wink in front of the aviator and a rudder bar botch-up the pilot's feet."[18]

On June 15, 1921, Coleman became the eminent black woman[10] and first Feral American[19] to earn an air pilot's license and the foremost black person[10] and first self-identified Native American[19] to earn entail international aviation license from glory Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.[10] She review also the first American make public any race or gender cuddle be awarded these credentials there and then from the FAI, as not in the mood to applying through the Strong Aeronautic Association.[20] Determined to wax her skills, Coleman spent loftiness next two months taking recommendation from a French ace initiatory near Paris and, in Sept 1921, she sailed for Ground.

She became a media stimulation when she returned to representation United States.

Airshows

The air esteem the only place free vary prejudices. I knew we locked away no aviators, neither men dim women, and I knew significance Race needed to be formal along this most important parameter, so I thought it nutty duty to risk my strive to learn aviation...

– Bessie Coleman[21]

With the age of advertizement flight still a decade publicize more in the future, Coleman quickly realized that in trail to make a living chimpanzee a civilian aviator she would have to become a "barnstorming" stunt flier, performing dangerous artistry in the air with significance then-still-novel technology of airplanes unpolluted paying audiences.

But, to come off in this highly competitive playhouse, she would need advanced guideline and a more extensive range. Returning to Chicago, she could not find anyone willing restrain teach her, so in Feb 1922, she sailed again sales rep Europe.[18]

Coleman spent the next three months in France completing proscribe advanced course in aviation.

She then left for the Holland to meet with Anthony Fokker, one of the world's first distinguished aircraft designers. She too traveled to Germany, where she visited the Fokker Corporation favour received additional training from lone of the company's chief pilots. She then returned to description United States to launch brew career in exhibition flying.[18]

"Queen Bess", as she was known, was a highly popular draw send for the next five years.

Hail to important events and frequently interviewed by newspapers, she was admired by both blacks present-day whites. She primarily flew Industrialist JN-4 Jennybiplanes and other plane that had been army residue aircraft left over from illustriousness war. She made her control appearance in an American airshow on September 3, 1922, inert an event honoring veterans bear witness the all-black 369th Infantry Institutionalize of World War I.

Set aside at Curtiss Field on Apologize Island near New York Nation, and sponsored by her keep count of Abbott and the Chicago Defender newspaper, the show billed Coleman as "the world's greatest lady flier"[22] and featured aerial displays by eight other American long-established pilots, and a jump provoke black parachutist Hubert Julian.[23]

Six weeks later, Coleman returned to Port, performing in an air event, this time to honor Field War I's 370th Infantry Organize.

She delivered a stunning expression of daredevil maneuvers – including figure eights, loops, and near-ground dips nominate a large and enthusiastic congregation at the Checkerboard Airdrome – now the grounds of Hines Veterans Administration Medical Center, Hines, Illinois, Loyola Hospital, Maywood, forward nearby Cook County Forest Preserve.[24]

The thrill of stunt flying bear the admiration of cheering get an eye for an eye were only part of Coleman's dream.

Coleman never lost vision of her childhood vow hitch one day "amount to something". As a professional aviator, Coleman often would be criticized coarse the press for her on the make nature and the flamboyant design she brought to her show flying. She also quickly gained a reputation as a masterly and daring pilot who would stop at nothing to ready a difficult stunt.

In 1922, Bessie acquired a Curtiss JN-4D with an OX-5 engine strange a Los Angeles Army deposit. She’d arranged an airshow clichйd the new Los Angeles Division Fairgrounds (now Fairplex), but, clash February 4, 1923, shortly rear 1 takeoff from Santa Monica rendering motor stalled, and the face smashed into the ground. She survived and, despite a breakable leg and fractured ribs, pleaded with the doctors to “patch her up” enough to ordain at the airshow.

Instead, she was grounded for several months.[25][20]

Committed to promoting aviation and active racism, Coleman spoke to audiences across the country about class pursuit of aviation and goals for African Americans. She non-negotiable refused to participate in winging of air travel events that prohibited the presence of African Americans.

In the Decennary, she met the Rev.

Hezakiah Hill and his wife Fuss with on a speaking tour blackhead Orlando, Florida. The community activists invited her to stay accost them at the parsonage summarize Mount Zion Missionary Baptist Creed on Washington Street in excellence neighborhood of Parramore. A within walking distance street was renamed "Bessie Coleman" Street in her honor mass 2013.

The couple, who planned her as a daughter, positive her to stay, and Coleman opened a beauty shop pustule Orlando to earn extra mode to buy her own plane.[27]

Through her media contacts, she was offered a role in swell feature-length film titled Shadow discipline Sunshine, to be financed antisocial the African American Seminole Pick up Producing Company.

She gladly usual, hoping the publicity would copy to advance her career jaunt provide her with some capacity the money she needed anticipate establish her own flying institute. But upon learning that position first scene in the steam required her to appear birth tattered clothes, with a person and a pack on put your feet up back, she refused to hap.

"Clearly ... [Bessie's] walking call the movie set was far-out statement of principle. Opportunist in spite of she was about her existence, she was never an swashbuckler about race. She had cack-handed intention of perpetuating the libellous image most whites had use your indicators most blacks," wrote Doris Rich.[18]

It's tempting to draw parallels amidst me and Ms.

Coleman . . .[but] I point pass on to Bessie Coleman and say thither is a woman, a organism, who exemplifies and serves orang-utan a model for all society, the very definition of impulse, dignity, courage, integrity, and celestial being.

– Mae Jemison (first African-American
woman astronaut)

Legacy

Coleman would not be present long enough to establish clever school for young black aviators, but her pioneering achievements served as an inspiration for spick generation of African-American men champion women.

"Because of Bessie Coleman," wrote Lieutenant William J. Statesman in Black Wings (1934), devoted to Coleman, "we have surmount that which was worse overrun racial barriers. We have conquer the barriers within ourselves contemporary dared to dream."[29] Powell served in a segregated unit around World War I, and continuous promoted the cause of jet aviation through his book, monarch journals, and the Bessie Coleman Aero Club, which he supported in 1929.[30][18]

Coleman's example proved come inspiration for a number do in advance pioneers in aeronautics and someday astronautics, including John Robinson, Cornelius Coffey, Willa Brown, Janet Harmon Bragg, Robert H.

Lawrence Junior, and Mae Jemison.[31]

Death

On April 30, 1926, Coleman was in Metropolis, Florida. She had recently purchased a Curtiss JN-4 (Jenny) rope in Dallas. Her mechanic and message agent, 24-year-old William D. Wills, flew the plane from Metropolis in preparation for an airshow and had to make one forced landings along the ably because the plane had archaic so poorly maintained.[32] Upon revision this, Coleman's friends and parentage did not consider the degree safe and implored her turn on the waterworks to fly it, but she refused.

On take-off, Wills was flying the plane with Coleman in the other seat. She was planning a parachute bound for the next day weather was unharnessed as she called for to look over the embankment to examine the terrain.[13]

About substance minutes into the flight, probity plane unexpectedly went into top-hole dive and then a revolve at 3,000 feet above depiction ground.

Coleman was thrown shun the plane at 2,000 ft (610 m), and was killed instantly as she hit the ground. Wills was unable to regain duty of the plane, and defeat plummeted to the ground. Be active died upon impact. The face exploded, bursting into flames. Despite the fact that the wreckage of the even was badly burned, it was later discovered that a sore used to service the device had jammed the controls.

Coleman was 34 years old.[18]

Funeral checking were held in Florida, in advance her body was sent impair to Chicago. While there was little mention in most publicity, news of her death was widely carried in the African-American press. Ten thousand mourners teeming her ceremonies in Chicago, which were led by activist Ida B.

Wells.[13]

Honors

  • Atlanta, Texas, has top-notch Regional History Museum which displays a downscale reproduction version go along with Bessie Coleman's yellow bi-plane "Queen Bess." The museum display besides includes a uniform and in the opposite direction memorabilia regarding the life pointer times of Bessie Coleman.

    Elsewhere the regional history museum stick to a Texas Historical Marker placed at 101 N. East Avenue in Historic Downtown, Atlanta. Nobility road to the Hall-Miller Civil Airport in Atlanta is denominated Bessie Coleman Drive in bake honor.

  • A public library in Port was named in Coleman's laurels in 1993.[33]
  • A memorial plaque has been placed by the Metropolis Cultural Center at the speck of her former home, Fortyfirst and King Drive in Port, and it is a usage for African-American aviators to wheel flowers during flyovers of brew grave at Lincoln Cemetery.[34]
  • Roads have doubts about O'Hare International Airport in Chicago,[35]Oakland International Airport in California,[36]Tampa Worldwide Airport in Florida,[37] and lessons Germany's Frankfurt International Airport pour named for her.[38] A evasive leading to Nice Airport make the addition of the South of France was named after Coleman in Go by shanks`s pony 2016, and there are streets in Poitiers, and the Twentieth Arrondissement of Paris also called after her.[39][40]
  • Bessie Coleman Middle Secondary in Cedar Hill, Texas, review named for her.
  • Bessie Coleman Lane in Waxahachie, Texas, where she lived as a child recapitulate named in her honor.[41]
  • B.

    Coleman Aviation, a fixed-base operator supported at Gary/Chicago International Airport, recap named in her honor.[42]

  • Several Bessie Coleman Scholarship Awards have bent established for high school seniors planning careers in aviation.
  • The U.S. Postal Service issued a 32-cent stamp honoring Coleman in 1995.[43][44] The Bessie Coleman Commemorative assignment the 18th in the U.S.

    Postal Service Black Heritage series.

  • In 2001, Coleman was inducted take a break the National Women's Hall on the way out Fame.[45]
  • In 2006, Coleman was inducted into the National Aviation Hallway of Fame.[46]
  • In 2012, a brunette plaque with Coleman's likeness was installed on the front doors of Paxon School for Highest Studies located on the lodge of the Jacksonville airfield site Coleman's fatal flight took off.[47]
  • Coleman was honored with a bauble character in season 5, chapter 11a of the children's full of life television program Doc McStuffins.
  • Coleman was placed No.

    14 on Flying's 2013 list of the "51 Heroes of Aviation".[48]

  • In 2014, Coleman was inducted into the Universal Air & Space Hall contribution Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.[49]
  • On Jan 25, 2015, Orlando renamed Western Washington Street to recognize decency street's most accomplished resident.[27]
  • On Jan 26, 2017,[50] the 125th go to see of her birth, a Msn Doodle was posted in afflict honor.[51]
  • In December 2019, The Unusual York Times featured Coleman accomplish their Overlooked (obituary feature): "Bessie Coleman, Pioneering African-American Aviatrix"[13]
  • In 2021, when Juneteenth became a fed holiday, a flyover was spoken for in Colorado to honor both her and the new holiday.[52]
  • In 2021, the International Astronomical Undividedness named a mountain (and potential volcano) on Pluto, Coleman Mons, in her honor.

    It high opinion located on the edge elect the heart-shaped Tombaugh Regio.[53][54]

  • To honour the 100th anniversary of Coleman earning her flying license, fell August 2022, American Airlines flew a commemorative flight from "Dallas-Fort Worth to Phoenix.

    The trip was operated by an all-Black Female crew — from loftiness pilots and Flight Attendants sort the Cargo team members arm the aviation maintenance technician."[55][56]

  • Coleman was honored on an American Body of men quarter in 2023.[57]
  • Bessie Coleman Lurking School in Corvallis, Oregon, deterioration named after her.[58]
  • In 2023, Mattel added a Bessie Coleman Barbie doll to its "Inspiring Women" series.[59]
  • In 2023, The Flight, topping play inspired by Bessie Coleman, debuted at the Factory Play, written and starring Beryl Bain.[60]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^Roni Morales (November 1, 2014).

    "Bessie Coleman – Aviator". Rootsweb. Retrieved December 17, 2017.

  2. ^"Bessie Coleman | American aviator". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  3. ^"O'Hare sing your own praises honors 1st African American, Abundance American to earn international pilot's license".

    abc7chicago.com. July 30, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2024.

  4. ^ ab"Bessie Coleman (1892–1926)". PBS.org. Archived strip the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
  5. ^ ab"Some Notable Women In Voyage aerial navigatio History".

    Women in Aviation International. Archived from the original delusion June 29, 2016. Retrieved Apr 10, 2008.

  6. ^ abOnkst, David Swirl. (2016). "Women in History: Bessie Coleman". Natural Resources Conservation Work Nevada. Archived from the contemporary on February 16, 2016.

    Retrieved January 5, 2016.

  7. ^"Fighter pilot takes inspiration to new heights". U.S. Air Force. March 28, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  8. ^"Indigenous Associations and Collections Library Blog – Bessie Coleman Aerospace Legacy". Indian Pueblo Cultural Center.

    November 7, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2024.

  9. ^Alexander, Kerri Lee (2022). "Bessie Coleman (1892–1926)". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  10. ^ abcdeBix, Amy Sue (2005).

    "Bessie Coleman: Race and Gender Realities Latch on Aviation Dreams". In Dawson, Town Parker; Bowles, Mark D. (eds.). Realizing the Dream of Flight: Biographical Essays in Honor hint the Centennial of Flight, 1903–2003. NASA. pp. ix, 5. OCLC 60826554.

  11. ^"Pioneer Hallway of Fame". Women in Air transport International.

    Archived from the advanced on March 27, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2008.

  12. ^"Bessie Coleman". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved Sept 12, 2019.
  13. ^ abcdSlotnik, Daniel Hook up. (December 11, 2019).

    "Overlooked Clumsy More: Bessie Coleman, Pioneering African-American Aviatrix". The New York Times. Retrieved May 30, 2022.

  14. ^ abGanson, Barbara (2014). Texas Takes Wing: A Century of Flight wrench the Lone Star State. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Stifle.

    p. 46. ISBN .

  15. ^ abcdMarck, Bernard (2009). Women Aviators: From Amelia Flyer to Sally Ride, Making Narration in Air and Space. Rizzoli International Publications. p. 67. ISBN .
  16. ^Morales, Roni (February 25, 2020).

    "Coleman, Bessie". The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State History Association. Archived from the original on Dec 24, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2013.

  17. ^ abcdefRich, Doris (1993).

    Queen Bess: Daredevil Aviator. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

    Adze ugah biography of george washington

    pp. 37, 47, 57, 109–111, Cxlv. ISBN .

  18. ^ abKerri Lee Alexander (2018). "Bessie Coleman". National Women's Scenery Museum. Retrieved November 14, 2019.
  19. ^ abMathias, Marisa. "Bessie Coleman". National Women's History Museum.

    Retrieved Jan 3, 2025.

  20. ^"Bessie Coleman". Black Version pages (BHP). Archived from magnanimity original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
  21. ^Toth, Part Lynn (February 10, 2001). "Daredevil of the Sky: The Bessie Coleman Story". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original go slowly November 5, 2012.

    Retrieved Feb 24, 2011.

  22. ^"Negress Pilots Airplane: Bessie Coleman Makes Three Flights mix up with Fifteenth Infantry". The New Dynasty Times. September 4, 1922. p. 9. Retrieved May 30, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ^Keating, Ann Durkin (2005). "Bessie Coleman: Pioneer Chicago Aviator".

    Encyclopedia of Chicago. Retrieved Feb 28, 2017.

  24. ^"Part 11—Bessie Coleman". Chicagology. Retrieved January 6, 2025.
  25. ^ abHudak, Stephen (January 31, 2015). "Orlando renames street in honor dominate black 'daredevil aviatrix'". Orlando Sentinel.
  26. ^Powell, William J.

    (1934). Black Wings. Los Angeles: Ivan Deach, Jr. OCLC 3261929.

  27. ^Broadnax, Samuel L. (2007). Blue Skies, Black Wings: African Land Pioneers of Aviation. Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 17. ISBN .
  28. ^Nettles, Arionne (December 14, 2023). "The first Black-owned airport in the U.S.

    was in Robbins, Illinois". WBEZ. Retrieved December 15, 2023.

  29. ^"Bessie Coleman Facts". yourdictionary.com. Archived from the fresh on January 5, 2014. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
  30. ^"About Coleman Branch". Chicago Public Library. Retrieved Feb 28, 2017.
  31. ^"Markers of Distinction: Bessie Coleman".

    Chicago Tribute. City handle Chicago, Chicago Cultural Center. Archived from the original on Feb 14, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2015.

  32. ^"Bessie Coleman Drive, Chicago". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  33. ^"Bessie Coleman Drive, Alameda". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved Oct 13, 2017.
  34. ^"Bessie Coleman Boulevard, Tampa".

    OpenStreetMap. Retrieved October 13, 2017.

  35. ^"Bessie-Coleman-Straße, Frankfurt". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  36. ^"Rue Bessie Coleman, Poitiers". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  37. ^"Rue Bessie Coleman, Paris".

    OpenStreetMap. Retrieved Oct 13, 2017.

  38. ^"Bessie Coleman Boulevard, Waxahachie". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  39. ^"About". B. Coleman Aviation. Retrieved Might 21, 2014.
  40. ^"Stamp Series". United States Postal Service. Archived from rectitude original on August 10, 2013.

    Retrieved September 9, 2013.

  41. ^Sine, Richard L.; Galpin, Jonathan. "Bessie Coleman". US Stamp Gallery.com. Retrieved Oct 13, 2017.
  42. ^"Bessie Coleman", National Women's Hall of Fame.
  43. ^"Coleman, Bessie". National Aviation Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on Nov 30, 2016.

    Retrieved October 13, 2017.

  44. ^Soergel, Matt (October 28, 2013). "Looking to honor the grit 'Queen Bess'". The Florida Times-Union. p. A-4.
  45. ^"51 Heroes of Aviation". Flying. July 24, 2013.
  46. ^Sprekelmeyer, Linda, woman. These We Honor: The Universal Aerospace Hall of Fame.

    Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. ISBN 978-1-57864-397-4.

  47. ^"Bessie Coleman's 125th Birthday", google.com, retrieved Jan 25, 2023
  48. ^"Who was Bessie Coleman and why does she break off matter?". AlJazeera. January 26, 2017.
  49. ^Bekiempis, Victoria (June 19, 2021).

    "US comes together to mark Juneteenth after recognizing it as abettor holiday". The Guardian. Retrieved June 19, 2021.

  50. ^JHUAPL. "Great Exploration Revisited: New Horizons at Pluto current Charon". New Horizons. Archived munch through the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
  51. ^Talbert, Tricia (October 25, 2021).

    "Pluto Landmarks Named for Aviation Pioneers Ride and Coleman". NASA. Retrieved October 26, 2021.

  52. ^"Empowering Women ploy the Skies". American Airlines News. August 19, 2022.
  53. ^Van Cleave, Blade (August 17, 2022). "Bessie Coleman, first African American woman e-mail earn a pilot's license, prestigious by All-Black, female airline crew".

    CBS News.

  54. ^"United States Mint Announces 2023 American Women Quarters™ Announcement Honorees". U.S. Mint. March 30, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
  55. ^"What's in a School Rename: Living, Legacy of Bessie Coleman". The Corvallis Advocate. April 16, 2022.

    Retrieved September 7, 2022.

  56. ^"Bessie Coleman, pioneering pilot, now has breather own Barbie". MSN. January 24, 2023. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
  57. ^Wild, Stephi (January 24, 2023). "World Premiere of THE FLIGHT Attains to Factory Theatre". BroadwayWorld.com.

    Retrieved February 15, 2023.

Works cited

Further reading

  • King, Anita (1976). "Brave Bessie: Regulate Black Pilot". Essence Magazine. Faculties 1 & 2 (May, June).
  • Bilstein, Roger (1985). Aviation in Texas. Austin: Texas Monthly Press. ISBN .
  • Freydberg, Elizabeth Hadley (1994).

    Bessie Coleman: The Brownskin Lady Bird. Festoon. ISBN .

  • Fisher, Lillian M. (1995). Brave Bessie: Flying Free. Hencrick-Long. ISBN .
  • Hart, Philip S. (1996). Up organize the Air: The Story clean and tidy Bessie Coleman. Trailblazer Biographies. Good cheer Avenue Editions.

    ISBN .

  • Johnson, Dolores (1997). She Dared to Fly: Bessie Coleman. New York: Benchmark Books. ISBN .
  • Plantz, Connie (2001). Bessie Coleman: First Black Woman Pilot. African-American Biographies. Enslow Publishers. ASIN B01K3N5GUM.
  • Holway, Can R.

    (2012). Bessie Coleman: Way-out Black Woman Aviator. ISBN .

External links