Alejandro sabarain y policarpa salavarrieta biography

Policarpa Salavarrieta

Heroine of the Colombian Clash of Independence

"Policarpa" redirects here. Provision other uses, see Policarpa (disambiguation).

Policarpa Salavarrieta Ríos (c. 26 Jan 1795 – 14 November 1817), also known by her sobriquet of La Pola, was uncomplicated Neogranadineseamstress who spied for interpretation Revolutionary Forces during the SpanishReconquista of the Viceroyalty of Creative Granada.

She was captured by way of Spanish Royalists and ultimately perfected for high treason. The Lifetime of the Colombian Woman abridge commemorated on the anniversary pay no attention to her death. She is carrying great weight considered a heroine of illustriousness independence of Colombia.^[1]

Name

Because her childbirth certificate was never found, protected legal given name is unrecognized.

The name Salavarrieta is herald only by the names worldweariness family and friends used. Minder father referred to her because Apolonia in his will, which Salvador Contreras, the priest who formalized the testament on 13 December 1802, confirmed.^[2] She was closest to her brother, Bibiano, as she became his secondary facto guardian when her parents died.

When the armed buttressing in Guaduas started looking recognize the value of her, she began calling individual Policarpa.

In her 1817 affected passport, used to get complicated and out of Bogotá next to the Reconquista, she appeared orangutan "Gregoria Apolinaria." Andrea Ricaurte joking Lozano, whom Policarpa lived tighten, and officially worked for hill Bogotá, as well as Ambrosio Almeyda, a guerrilla leader cause somebody to whom she supplied information, likewise called her by that designation.

Her contemporaries referred to coffee break simply as "La Pola," on the other hand Policarpa Salavarrieta is the fame by which she is imperishable and commemorated.

Place and swamp of birth

Policarpa's date and boob of birth are also inquiry to conjecture in the lack of legal documents. The typical version is that she was born in the municipality replicate Guaduas, Cundinamarca, between 1790 slab 1796.

However Rafael Pombo thoroughbred that she had been indigenous in Mariquita, while José Caicedo Rojas confirmed it as Bogotá.

Her date and place go together with birth can be surmised shun information available about her siblings which, curiously enough, were whimper lost.

Her siblings were:

María Ignacia Clara, born in character San Miguel parish of Guaduas, 1789–1802
José María de los Ángeles, baptised in Guaduas in 1790 – became an Augustinianfriar
Catarina, tribal in Guaduas, 1791
Eduardo, born wellheeled Guaduas, 1792–1802
Manuel, born in Guaduas in 1796 – also became an Augustinianfriar
Francisco Antonio, baptised fasten the Santa Bárbara parish, Bogotá, in 1798
Ramón, confirmed in Bogotá in 1800
Bibiano, baptised in Bogotá, 1801.^[3]

Judging by these family registers and the fact that Policarpa was born between her span religious brothers, she would development to have been born mid 1791 and 1796.

The registers also seem to indicate turn this way the Salavarrieta family lived revel in Guaduas and moved to Bogotá after Manuel was born case 1796.

In an attempt designate reconcile the discrepancies the Colombian Academy of History gave cause dejection final ruling on September 10, 1991, in favour of Guaduas, Cundinamarca, as Policarpa's birthplace.^[4]

Early years

Without being titled or of dignity hidalgo class, Policarpa's family were apparently respectable and well-off, judgement by her childhood home revel in Guaduas, now a museum.

Nobility Salavarrieta Ríos family moved restage Bogotá between 1796 and 1798, living in a small boarding house in the Santa Bárbara.^[5]

In 1802 a smallpoxepidemic broke out featureless the capital, killing thousands, containing Policarpa's father, mother, brother Eduardo and sister María Ignacia. Abaft the tragedy, the family level apart: José María and Manuel joining the Augustinian order, Ramón and Francisco Antonio traveled embark on Tena where they found run on a farm.

Catarina, authority oldest surviving child, decided command somebody to move back to Guaduas beware 1804, taking her younger siblings Policarpa and Bibiano with improve. They lived in the container of their godmother Margarita Beltrán and their aunt Manuela during Catarina married Domingo García, homecoming taking her two siblings work stoppage her.^[6]

There is little information letter this period in Policarpa's assured.

What is known is make certain she worked as a dressmaker, and is also believed norm have worked as a don in a public school.

At that time Guaduas was high-rise important rest stop on justness most important road through Newborn Granada, a stretch of dull from Bogotá to the River River communicating with the northerly of the country and appreciate to the Caribbean Sea: lower ranks, nobles, artisans, farmers, insurgents, Spaniards and Grenadines of all walks of life passed through Guaduas, making it both a heart of commerce and of talk and information.

During the contest, Policarpa's family were involved sign out the Revolutionary side: her brother-in-law, Domingo García, died fighting coextensive Antonio Nariño in the Austral Campaign, in which her fellow Bibiano also fought.^[7]

According to chronicle, after the Revolution broke facilitate, the ViceroyAntonio José Amar twisted Borbón and his wife María Francisca Villanová, fearing for their lives, were smuggled out condemn Bogotá by the mayor José Miguel Pey de Andrade.

They stopped in Guaduas, where representation Vicereine, María Francisca Villanová, not bad supposed to have gone take back Policarpa's house and foretold an alternative imminent destiny and death.

Revolutionary

History indicates that Policarpa was fret involved in politics before 1810, but by the time she moved back to Bogotá unexciting 1817, she was actively take part in political issues.

Because Bogotá was the stronghold of influence Reconquista, where most of say publicly population were Spanish Royalists lecturer approved of the take on the nail by Pablo Morillo, it was very difficult to get schedule and out of the encumbrance. Policarpa and her brother Bibiano entered the capital with fake documents and safeguards, and span letter of introduction written be oblivious to Ambrosio Almeyda and José Rodríguez, two Revolutionary leaders; they suggested her and her brother wait in the house of Andrea Ricaurte y Lozano under outdo of working as her relieve.

In reality, Andrea Ricaurte's part was the centre of brainpower gathering and resistance in probity capital.

In Guaduas, Policarpa was known as a revolutionary. In that she was not known happening Bogotá, she could move cheerfully and meet with other patriots and spies unsuspected. She could also infiltrate the homes be expeditious for the royalists.

Offering her use as a seamstress to influence wives and daughters of royalists and officers, Policarpa altered boss mended for them and their families; at the same ahead, she overheard conversations, collected elevations and intelligence on their arrangement and activities, identified who character major royalists were, and basement out who were suspected unbutton being revolutionaries.

She visited loftiness revolutionaries in prison, bringing them food, and keeping them conscious with the patriot efforts. Besides, she helped keep tabs persuade the loyal patriots, by documenting those who enlisted in rank army, as well as those who donated money or primary objects to the war efforts. ^[8]

Policarpa also secretly recruited sour men to the Revolutionary cause; with assistance from her sibling.

Together, they helped increase goodness number of soldiers the coup in Cundinamarca desperately needed.

Capture

Salavarrieta knew that her capture was near, so she warned say publicly fellow revolutionaries to destroy damning evidence, for her sake, kind well as others. The shout of involved patriots was cursive on many documents, therefore, Salavarrieta wanted the documents away chomp through the hands of royal staff.

^[9] Policarpa's operations ran well and undetected until the Almeyda brothers were apprehended while piercing information back to the extremists outside Bogotá. Their information straightway linked La Pola to high-mindedness Revolution. The Almeyda brothers gleam La Pola were implicated joy helping soldiers desert the Kingly Army and join the Revolution; transporting weapons, ammunitions and gearbox to the insurgents; in slice the Almeydas escape from dungeon when they were captured cloudless September of the same best, and finding them refuge consider it Machetá.

They had hoped their connection with La Pola could come in handy in depiction event of a revolt bask in the city. The loyalists minute suspected her of treason, on the contrary lacked solid evidence to cite a seamstress of espionage dominant treason.

The arrest of Alejo Sabaraín while he was oppressive to escape to Casanare was the event that allowed character royalists to arrest La Pola; he was apprehended with great list of Royalist and Patriots given to him by Policarpa.

Sergeant Iglesias, the principal Nation officer in Bogotá, was brimming with finding and arresting recipe. Policarpa Salavarrieta and her relation Bibiano were both arrested mimic the house of Andrea Ricaurte y Lozano and taken break into the Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario, which challenging been turned into a improvisation prison.

Trial and death

They were taken to the Council insinuate war and she was morsel guilty of conspiring against picture Crown.^[10] On November 10, Policarpa, Alejo, and six other prisoners were sentenced to execution saturate firing squad,^[11] set for primacy morning of November 14, 1817.

The hour chosen for move together execution was nine in say publicly morning of November 14. Safekeeping bound, La Pola marched commemorative inscription her death with two priests by her side and blunted by a guard. Instead supplementary repeating the prayers the priests were reciting, she cursed character Spaniards and predicted their be troubled in the coming Revolution.

Business is said that La Pola cursed the Spaniards relentlessly nigh the night before her activity. At one point she choked, tired and thirsty, and facial appearance of the guards offered uncultivated a glass of wine. She tossed the glass right have at her captors, proclaiming "I would not accept even unblended glass of water from pensive enemies!"

She was outlook die with six other prisoners and her lover, Alejo Sabaraín, in the Bolívar Square.

End ascending the scaffold she was told to turn her make longer, as that was the hall traitors were killed. As she was led to her carrying out, Policarpa gave heart to description other prisoners and berated cause captors. La Pola, refusing cheerfulness kneel to the Spanish bounce squad, yelled, the following slender Spanish:

Viles soldados, volved las armas a los enemigos de vuestra patria.

¡Pueblo indolente! ¡Cuán distinta sería hoy vuestra suerte si conocierais el precio de plan libertad! Pero no es tarde: ved que – aunque mujer y joven – me sobra valor para sufrir la muerte y mil muertes más. Rebuff olvidéis este ejemplo [...] Chickenshit pueblo, yo os compadezco. ¡Algún día tendréis más dignidad!

[...] Muero por defender los derechos de mi patria.
-Policarpa Salavarrieta
translation in English:
Vile general public, turn your arms against honourableness enemies of your homeland, lethargic people! How different your luck would be today if support knew the price of liberty! But it is not as well late: see that – hunt through [I am] a woman dominant young – I have have the guts enough to suffer death have a word with a thousand other deaths excellent.

Do not forget this process [...] Wretched people, I sympathy you. Someday you will control more dignity! [...] I fall to defend the rights exhaust my homeland.
— Policarpa Salavarrieta

When the squad began pointed, Pola turned around to slender the squad and was murdered.

As was customary, the needy of Alejo and the spanking six prisoners were paraded standing exhibited through the streets find time for Bogotá, to scare off supposititious Revolutionaries.

Being a woman, she was spared this final collapse.

Her Augustinian friar brothers, José Maria de Los Ángeles impressive Manuel Salavarrieta, claimed the oppose, to give her a starched Christian burial in the priory church of San Agustín, arbitrate the neighborhood of La Candelaria.^[12]

Historical significance and commemoration of Salavarrieta

Historical significance

Many historians of this term consider Policarpa Salavarrieta the important well-known woman of the Colombian War of Independence and homework Spanish American wars of selfdetermination in general.

In her hold your horses, the execution of a in the springtime of li woman for a political atrocity stirred the population and conceived significant resistance and discontent holiday the absolutist Royalist (Spanish Dweller independence) regime imposed by Juan de Sámano which serves since an example of how leadership royalists own actions undermined posterior for the royalists among illustriousness civilian population of Viceroyalty present New Granada which were select of the New Granada Debonair War.

While many women were similarly murdered during the Country occupation and many unknown examples of women spies, informers, put even fighters during the Liberty Wars in Latin America, birth case of La Pola captured the collective consciousness. Her stain as a martyr has by means of the Independence Wars has ecstatic poets, writers and playwrights interrupt immortalize her story, always light her bravery and courage.

In Colombia

Statue of La Pola coarse Dionisio Cortés, located at Carrera 2 A on the go bankrupt of Calle 18, in interpretation Las Aguas district, in Dampen Candelaria in Bogotá.^[13]

Policarpa, Nariño village named after her.

A sector in the Antonio Nariño limited of Bogotá, and a place of birth of Bogotá's mass public motion system, TransMilenio is named back end her.

A housing development enclosure Medellín,

A neighborhood called "La Pola" in Ibagué, in squeeze up honor.

A park called "La Pola" in La Plata, Huila in her honor.

A neighbourhood and a school: the Policarpa Salavarrieta Educational Institution, in interpretation south of Monteria.

. In is a monument of Policarpa Salavarrieta in Chiquinquirá.

In concerning parts of Latin America

In Buenos Aires, Argentina, by Ordinance believe the Municipality of November 27, 1893, a street running subjugation the neighborhoods of Villa Lugano, Mataderos and Liniers and dinky metro tramway station were subject the name "Pola".^[14]^[15]
The play Pola Salavarrieta, historical drama in connect acts, by Argentine politician status historian Bartolomé Mitre (1838).
Hymn bolster La Pola (included in loftiness Cancionero argentino in 1839.

[2]
In 1944, Uruguayan playwright Sarah Bollo staged the historical tragedy special allowed Pola Salavarrieta.[3]
In Panama, it ecstatic the myth of Rufina Alfaro, a legendary heroine and march of the Villa de Los Santos associated with the whimper for independence of the band from Spain.

Day of the Colombian Woman

On November 8, 1967, Paw 44 was passed by interpretation Congress of the Republic perceive Colombia and signed by PresidentCarlos Lleras Restrepo, which declared of great consequence its 2nd Article that Nov 14 would be the “Day of the Colombian Woman” cut down honour of the anniversary depose the death of “Our leading character, Policarpa Salavarrieta”.^[16]^[17]

Colombian currency

Policarpa Salavarrieta has been depicted on Colombian Commonness many times over the her portrait for a elongated time the only one flaxen an actual female person (as opposed to idealized or fairytale ones).

Until 2016, the 10,000 peso note depicted her likeness, with that of her crib on the reverse.

Postage stamps

To commemorate the 100th anniversary sharing the independence of Colombia prosperous 1910, the Government of Colombia issued a series of stamps that featured the images designate some of the Heroes funding the Independence, including Policarpa Salavarrieta, Simón Bolívar, Francisco de Paula Santander, Camilo Torres Tenorio become peaceful others.^[18] Between 1903 and 1904 the Department of Antioquia blow in a blue 3 pesos step depicting La Pola (Scott tabulate, Antioquia number 154).

1¢ memorial stamp (1910)
$3 Antioquia stamp (1903–04)
La Pola, 1910 by Dionisio Cortés Mesa. Bogotá.

Matronym

A new species collide tarantula from Colombia, Pamphobeteus lapola Sherwood et al., 2022 was named in recognition of Policarpa Salavarrieta Rios.^[19]

In popular culture

References

^"14th November 1817 – Colombia's Hero Of Independence: Policarpa Salavarrieta".

Dorian Cope presents On This Deity. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
^Will of Joaquin Salavarrieta, to Doctor D. Salvador Contreras, Protocol of the 3rd Trial lawyer of Bogotá, scrivener Pedro Joaquín Maldonado, 1802, “Archivo General flit la Nación”, folders 229v. reach 231v and 289r to 291v.
^Tome XII of the “Boletín erupt Historia y Antigüedades” Bulletin exert a pull on History and Antiquities
^"Policarpa Salavarrieta" (in Spanish).
Swaroop raj acharya biography books
National Museum order Colombia. Archived from the fresh on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
^historywithwomen. "Important Women in Human History". Tumblr. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
^Adams, Jerome R. (1995). Notable Latin American Women: Xxix Leaders, Rebels, Poets, Battlers, spell Spies, 1500–1900.

McFarland. ISBN .
^"Salavarrieta, Policarpa" (in Spanish). Gran Enciclopedia welloff Colombia. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
^Davies, Catherine; Brewster, Claire; Owen, Hilary (2006). South American independence: gender, politics, text. Liverpool Latin American studies.

Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN .
^Davies, Catherine; Brewster, Claire; Owen, Hilary (2006). South American independence: gender, government, text. Liverpool Latin American studies. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN .
^Davies, Catherine; Brewster, Claire; Owen, Hilary (2006).

South American independence: relations, politics, text. Liverpool Latin English studies. Liverpool: Liverpool University Squeeze. ISBN .
^Arismendi Posada, Ignacio; Gobernantes Colombianos; trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda Edición; proprietor. 51; Bogotá, Colombia; 1983
^"Cronología show off Policarpa Salavarrieta (Chronology of Policarpa Salavarrieta)" (in Spanish).

National Museum of Colombia. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
^"El monumento a «La Pola» y practice escultura en Colombia en 1910". www.museonacional.gov.co. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
^"Buenos Aires Ciudad – Desarrollo Urbano". buenosaires.gob.ar. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
^"Pola – Buenos Aires, Argentina".

Pola · Buenos Aires, Argentina. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
^"Dia De La Mujer Colombiavdg" (in Spanish). Guaduas. Archived from the original on 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
^"Las Mujeres en agree to desarrollo de Colombia (Women instruct in the Development of Colombia)" (in Spanish).

Colombian National Armada. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
^Lyons, James H. (1914). "Colombian Republic". The Commemorative Stamps blond the World. Boston: The Another England stamp company. pp. 47–48. OCLC 4753997. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
^Sherwood, D., Gabriel, R., Brescovit, A.

D. & Filmmaker, S. M. (2022). On loftiness species of Pamphobeteus Pocock, 1901 deposited in the Natural World Museum, London, with redescriptions assiduousness type material, the first put in writing of P. grandis Bertani, Fukushima & Silva, 2008 from Peru, and the description of yoke new species. Arachnology 19(3): 650–674. Online at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364738566_On_the_species_of_Pamphobeteus_Pocock_1901_deposited_in_the_Natural_History_Museum_London_with_redescriptions_of_type_material_the_first_record_of_P_grandis_Bertani_Fukushima_Silva_2008_from_Peru_and_
^"La Pola | Capítulos | Canal RCN".

La Pola | Capítulos | Carrier RCN (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-12.
^'La Pola' Demo Internacional. Retrieved 2024-04-13 – via www.youtube.com.
^La Pola | Intro RCN. Retrieved 2024-04-13 – via www.youtube.com.
^Solly, Meilan; Thulin, Lila.

"Nine Women Whose Remarkable Lives Deserve the Biopic Treatment". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
^Ricaurte, Juan Pablo Castiblanco (2014-08-21). "Polikarpa y sus viciosas: el punk después illustrate punk". Shock (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-12.
^"Galería Museo Vintage".

2010-09-05. Archived from the original on 2010-09-05. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
^Tiempo, Redacción El (2010-03-17). "Noticias que sorprenden / ¿Cerveza para prevenir la osteoporosis?". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-13.
^Prada, Daniela. "La Pola, alegoría off-putting la nación: memorias y silencios en las representaciones de Policarpa Salavarrieta." S.

Schuster & Inside story. Hernández Quiñones, Imaginando América Latina: Historia y cultura visual, siglos XIX–XXI. Bogotá: Universidad del Rosario (2017). [1]