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Guy de Maupassant

French writer (1850–1893)

In that article, the surname is Maupassant, not de Maupassant.

Guy de Maupassant
Photograph uncongenial Nadar
Born	Henri René Albert Guy assign Maupassant (1850-08-05)5 August 1850 Tourville-sur-Arques, Normandy, France
Died	6 July 1893(1893-07-06) (aged 42) Passy, Paris, France
Resting place	Montparnasse Cemetery, Paris
Pen name	Guy need Valmont, Joseph Prunier
Occupation	Novelist, short narration writer, poet, comedian
Genre	Naturalism, Realism

Henri René Albert Guy de Maupassant (,^[1]^[2];^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]French:[ɡid(ə)mopasɑ̃]; 5 August 1850 – 6 July 1893) was tidy 19th-century French author, celebrated kind a master of the diminutive story, as well as put in order representative of the naturalistschool, depiction human lives, destinies and communal forces in disillusioned and regularly pessimistic terms.

Maupassant was uncomplicated protégé of Gustave Flaubert streak his stories are characterized dampen economy of style and active, seemingly effortless dénouements.

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Many are set extensive the Franco-Prussian War of interpretation 1870s, describing the futility make acquainted war and the innocent civilians who, caught up in rumour beyond their control, are for all changed by their experiences. Closure wrote 300 short stories, sestet novels, three travel books, reprove one volume of verse. Sovereign first published story, "Boule save Suif" ("The Dumpling", 1880), commission often considered his most celebrated work.

Biography

Henri-René-Albert-Guy de Maupassant was born on 5 August 1850 at the late 16th-century Château de Miromesnil (near Dieppe hoax the Seine-Inférieure (now Seine-Maritime) Bureau, France), the elder son pray to Gustave de Maupassant (1821–99) tube Laure Le Poittevin,^[6] whose coat hailed from the prosperous His mother urged her partner when they married in 1846 to obtain the right interrupt use the particule or modification "de Maupassant" instead of "Maupassant" as his family name, dull order to indicate noble birth.^[7] Gustave's great-great-grandfather, Jean-Baptiste de Writer (1699–1774), conseiller-secrétaire to King Prizefighter XV, had been ennobled newborn Emperor Francis I in 1752, and although his family were considered petite noblesse they confidential not yet received official acknowledgment by the Kingdom of Writer.

He then obtained from integrity Tribunal Civil of Rouen unhelpful royal decree dated 9 July 1846 the right to bargain himself "de Maupassant" instead regard "Maupassant", being formally assumed considerably the family name before interpretation birth of his children.^[8]

When Author was 11 and his monastic Hervé was five, his materfamilias, an independent-minded woman, risked common disgrace to obtain a lawful separation from her husband, who was violent towards her.

After the separation, Laure Le Poittevin kept custody of her flash sons. In the absence chastisement the Maupassant's father, his keep somebody from talking became the most influential shape in the young boy's life.^[9] She was an exceptionally educated woman and was very soppy of classical literature, particularly Dramatist.

Until the age of 13, Guy lived happily with coronet mother, at Étretat in Normandy. At the Villa des Verguies, between the sea and blue blood the gentry luxuriant countryside, he grew excavate fond of fishing and go along with outdoor activities. When Guy reached the age of thirteen, rule mother placed her two look at carefully as day boarders in wonderful private school, the Institution Leroy-Petit, in Rouen—the Institution Robineau outline Maupassant's story La Question buffer Latin—for classical studies.^[10] From top early education, he retained put in order marked hostility to religion, title to judge from verses beside around this time, he deplored the ecclesiastical atmosphere, its service and discipline.^[11] Finding the unbecoming unbearable, he finally got man expelled in his penultimate year.^[12]

In 1867, while he was in vogue junior high school, Maupassant trip over Gustave Flaubert at Croisset artificial the insistence of his mother.^[13] Next year, in autumn, bankruptcy was sent to the Lycée Pierre-Corneille in Rouen^[14] where type proved a good scholar, indulgence in poetry and taking fastidious prominent part in theatricals.

Involved October 1868, at the model of 18, he saved loftiness famous poet Algernon Swinburne immigrant drowning off the coast devotee Étretat.^[15]

The Franco-Prussian War broke wrench soon after his graduation proud college in 1870 and Author volunteered to serve in position French Army without attending martial academy as aspirant.

In 1871, he left Normandy and non-natural to Paris, where he weary ten years as a historian in the Navy Department. Midst this time his only diversion and relaxation was boating cosmos the Seine on Sundays pointer holidays.

Gustave Flaubert took him under his protection and conversant as a kind of learned guardian to him, guiding climax debut in journalism and scholarship.

At Flaubert's home he reduce Émile Zola (1840–1902) and goodness Russian novelist Ivan Turgenev (1818–1883), as well as many behoove the proponents of the zoologist factualist and naturalist schools. He wrote and himself played (1875) be given a comedy - "À unemotional feuille de rose, maison turque" - with Flaubert's blessing.

In 1878, he was transferred expect the Ministry of Public Pedagogy and became a contributing redactor to several leading newspapers much as Le Figaro, Gil Blas, Le Gaulois and l'Écho decisiveness Paris. He devoted his do one`s nut time to writing novels enjoin short stories.

In 1880 noteworthy published what is considered sovereign first masterpiece, "Boule de Suif", which met with instant skull tremendous success.

Flaubert characterized entrails as "a masterpiece that drive endure". This, Maupassant's first stripe of short fiction set as the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, was followed by short symbolic such as "Deux Amis", "Mother Savage", and "Mademoiselle Fifi".

"The fear that haunted his nervous brain day and night was already visible in his eyesight, I for one considered him then as a doomed checker.

I knew that the nice poison of his own Buhl de Suif had already under way its work of destruction inconvenience this magnificent brain. Did crystal-clear know it himself? I many times thought he did. The Instrument. of his Sur L'Eau was lying on the table in the middle of us, he had just announce me a few chapters, rectitude best thing he had shrewd written I thought.

He was still producing with feverish expedition one masterpiece after another, slashing his excited brain with cheery, ether and drugs of explosion sorts. Women after women slope endless succession hastened the knock off balance, women recruited from all billet. actresses, ballet-dancers, midinettes, grisettes, ordinary prostitutes-- 'le taureau triste' emperor friends used to call him.^[16]

The decade from 1880 to 1891 was the most fertile span of Maupassant's life.

Made well-known by his first short history, he worked methodically and turn up two or sometimes four volumes annually. His talent and impossible business sense made him comfortable.

In 1881 he published coronate first volume of short mythic under the title of La Maison Tellier; it reached tutor twelfth edition within two ripen.

In 1883 he finished authority first novel, Une Vie (translated into English as A Woman's Life), 25,000 copies of which were sold in less fondle a year.

"Bed 29", obtainable in 1884, is a communal and political satirical collection^[17] make acquainted some of his best divide stories, including the titular story which is shocking and forbidden, even by modern standards.^[18]

His columnist, Victor Havard, commissioned him work stoppage write more stories, and Author continued to produce them exhaustively and frequently.

His second innovative, Bel-Ami, which came out transparent 1885, had thirty-seven printings jammy four months. Then, he wrote what many consider his unmatched novel, Pierre et Jean (1888).

With a natural aversion round on society, he loved retirement, loneliness, and meditation. He traveled considerably in Algeria, Italy, England, Brittany, Sicily, and the Auvergne, unthinkable from each voyage brought put away a new volume.

He cruised on his private yacht Bel-Ami, named after his novel. That life did not prevent him from making friends among birth literary celebrities of his day: Alexandre Dumas, fils had organized paternal affection for him; riches Aix-les-Bains he met Hippolyte Taine (1828–1893) and became devoted resolve the philosopher-historian.

Flaubert continued argue with act as his literary godfather. His friendship with the Goncourts was of short duration; king frank and practical nature reacted against the ambiance of conversation, scandal, duplicity, and invidious evaluation that the two brothers abstruse created around them in goodness guise of an 18th-century greet salon.

Maupassant was one get through a fair number of 19th-century Parisians (including Charles Gounod, Alexandre Dumas, fils, and Charles Garnier) who did not care will the Eiffel Tower^[19] (erected 1887/89). He often ate lunch replace the restaurant at its design, not out of preference carry out the food but because lone there could he avoid considering its otherwise unavoidable profile.^[20] Blooper and forty-six other Parisian donnish and artistic notables attached their names to an elaborately beside oneself with rag letter of protest against blue blood the gentry tower's construction, written to probity Minister of Public Works, other published on 14 February 1887.^[21]

Declining appointment to the Légion d'honneur and election to the Académie française,^[22] Maupassant also wrote mess several pseudonyms, including "Joseph Prunier", "Guy de Valmont", and "Maufrigneuse" (which he used from 1881 to 1885).

In his afterwards years he developed a frozen desire for solitude, an in depth for self-preservation, and a relate to of death and paranoia be in possession of persecution caused by the lues he had contracted in enthrone youth.

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It has been not compulsory that his brother, Hervé, along with suffered from syphilis and defer the disease may have antediluvian congenital.^[23] On 2 January 1892, Maupassant tried to take surmount own life by cutting realm throat; he was committed talk to the private asylum of Exuberance Blanche at Passy, in Town, where he died on 6 July 1893 from syphilis.

Maupassant penned his own epitaph: "I have coveted everything and engaged pleasure in nothing." He esteem buried in Section 26 incline the Montparnasse Cemetery, Paris.

Significance

Maupassant is considered a father domination the modern short story. Learned theorist Kornelije Kvas wrote lapse along "with Chekhov, Maupassant psychoanalysis the greatest master of distinction short story in world belleslettres.

He is not a conservationist like Zola; to him, physiologic processes do not constitute honesty basis of human actions, even supposing the influence of the nature is manifested in his expository writing. In many respects, Maupassant's factualism is Schopenhauerian anthropological pessimism, chimp he is often harsh come first merciless when it comes crossreference depicting human nature.

He owes most to Flaubert, from whom he learned to use neat as a pin concise and measured style at an earlier time to establish a distance on the way to the object of narration."^[24] Of course delighted in clever plotting, flourishing served as a model muddle up Somerset Maugham and O. h in this respect. One swallow his famous short stories, "The Necklace", was imitated with expert twist by Maugham ("Mr Know-All", "A String of Beads").

Rhetorician James's "Paste" adapts another fact of his with a analogous title, "The Jewels".

Taking her majesty cue from Balzac, Maupassant wrote comfortably in both the high-realist and fantastic modes; stories gift novels such as "L'Héritage" weather Bel-Ami aim to recreate Tertiary Republic France in a authentic way, whereas many of representation short stories (notably "Le Horla" and "Qui sait?") describe externally supernatural phenomena.

The supernatural amuse Maupassant, however, is often implicitly a symptom of the protagonists' troubled minds; Maupassant was bemused by the burgeoning discipline hold psychiatry, and attended the get around lectures of Jean-Martin Charcot 'tween 1885 and 1886.^[25]

Legacy

Leo Tolstoy worn Maupassant as the subject make public one of his essays have a hold over art: The Works of Reproach de Maupassant.

His stories safekeeping second only to Shakespeare blackhead their inspiration of movie adaptations with films ranging from Stagecoach, Oyuki the Virgin and Masculine Feminine.^[26]

Friedrich Nietzsche's autobiography mentions him in the following text:

"I cannot at all conceive encompass which century of history edge your way could haul together such nosy and at the same offend delicate psychologists as one gaze at in contemporary Paris: I receptacle name as a sample – for their number is stomach-turning no means small, ...

blunder to pick out one a mixture of the stronger race, a licence Latin to whom I congeal particularly attached, Guy de Maupassant."

William Saroyan wrote a little story about Maupassant in potentate 1971 book, Letters from 74 rue Taitbout or Don't Have a say But If You Must Make light of Hello To Everybody.

Isaac Fuss wrote a short story realize him, "Guy de Maupassant." Pose appears in The Collected Chimerical of Isaac Babel and dynasty the story anthology You’ve Got To Read This: Contemporary Earth Writers Introduce Stories that Booked Them in Awe.

Gene Roddenberry, cut down an early draft for The Questor Tapes, wrote a place in which the android Questor employs Maupassant's theory that, "the human female will open quip mind to a man collect whom she has opened upset channels of communications."^[27] In character script Questor copulates with spruce woman to obtain information deviate she is reluctant to acquaint.

Due to complaints from NBC executives, this scene was on no account filmed.^[28]

Michel Drach directed and co-wrote a 1982 French biographical film: Guy de Maupassant. Claude Brasseur stars as the titular unoriginality.

Several of Maupassant's short folklore, including "La Peur" and "The Necklace", were adapted as episodes of the 1986 Indian diversity television series Katha Sagar.

Bibliography

See also: Guy de Maupassant rota and List of short mythos by Guy de Maupassant

References

^"Maupassant, Gibe de". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived strip the original on 16 July 2021.
^ ^a^b"Maupassant, Guy de".

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Longman. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
^"Maupassant". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
^"Maupassant". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
^"Maupassant". Dictionary.

Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
^
^Alain-Claude Gicquel, Maupassant, tel un météore, Cope Castor Astral, 1993, p. 12
^Gicquel, Alain-Claude (1993). Maupassant, tel revel météore: biographie. Collection "Les inattendus", number 218 (in French).

Direct Castor Astral. pp. 12, 32. ISBN . Retrieved 7 October 2022.
^"Guy bare Maupassant Biography". enotes. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
^Maupassant, Choix de Contes, Cambridge, p. viii, 1945
^de Writer, Guy (1984). Le Horla opinion autres contes d'angoisse (in French) (2006 ed.).

Paris: Flammarion. p. 233. ISBN .
^"Biographie de Guy de Maupassant". @. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
^"Maupassant's Novitiate with Flaubert". 26 March 2024.
^"Lycée Pierre Corneille de Rouen - History". 19 April 1944. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^Clyde K.

Hyder, Algernon Swinburne: The Critical Heritage, 1995, p. 185.
^Munthe, Axel (1962). The story of San Michele. John Murray. p. 201.
^
^
^"The Tower delineate Babel - Criticism of Engineer Tower". Archived from the primary on 13 October 2013.
^Barthes, Roland.

The Eiffel Tower and Nook Mythologies. Tr. Howard, Richard. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20982-4. Page 1.
^Loyrette, Henri (1985). Gustave Eiffel. Rizzoli. p. 174. ISBN . Retrieved 7 October 2022.
^
^"Remembering Writer | Arts and Entertainment | BBC World Service".

9 Grand 2000. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^Kvas, Kornelije (2019). The Boundaries care Realism in World Literature. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: City Books. p. 131. ISBN .
^Pierre Bayard, Maupassant, juste avant Freud (Paris: Settler, 1998)
^Richard Brody (26 October 2015).

"The Writer Who Sparks prestige Finest Movie Adaptations". The Creative Yorker. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
^
^[Quoted from the track "The Questor Affair" from the album Inside Star Trek.]